John Wang boldly declared prediction markets will be "10x bigger than memecoins"—and the data suggests he may be right. The 23-year-old Head of Crypto at Kalshi has become the face of a fundamental shift in crypto capital allocation, from pure speculation on worthless tokens to utility-driven markets anchored in real-world events. As memecoins crashed 56% from their December 2024 peak of $125 billion, prediction markets surged past $13 billion in cumulative volume, captured a $2 billion investment from the New York Stock Exchange's parent company, and on September 29, 2025, exceeded Solana memecoin daily volume for the first time. This isn't just another crypto narrative—it represents the maturation of blockchain technology from casino to financial infrastructure.
The transition marks crypto's evolution from "Will the dev team rug pull?" to "Will this event actually happen?"—a psychological upgrade Wang identifies as the core difference. Prediction markets offer similar wealth effects and dopamine hits as memecoin speculation but with transparent mechanisms, verifiable outcomes, and real information value. While memecoins saw 99% of new tokens return to zero and unique traders collapse by over 90%, prediction markets achieved regulatory breakthroughs, institutional validation, and demonstrated superior accuracy in forecasting the 2024 U.S. presidential election. Yet significant challenges remain: liquidity constraints, regulatory uncertainty, market manipulation risks, and fundamental questions about sustainability beyond election cycles.
John Wang's vision and Kalshi's crypto strategy
Standing in Times Square during the 2024 election season, John Wang watched massive Kalshi billboards display Trump versus Kamala odds ticking in real-time above the financial capital of the world. "It was surreal, almost larger than life, to see conviction about the future turned into numbers," he wrote on his personal website announcing his role as Kalshi's Head of Crypto in August 2025. That moment crystallized his thesis: prediction markets will become how society processes truth—not through biased punditry, but through markets that transform belief into something tangible.
Wang brings an unconventional background to his role. At 23, the Australian entrepreneur dropped out of the University of Pennsylvania in 2024 to pursue crypto full-time after serving as president of Penn Blockchain. He co-founded Armor Labs, a blockchain security company later acquired, and built a following of 54,000+ on Twitter/X through crypto and finance content. Kalshi CEO Tarek Mansour discovered Wang through his social media commentary and within minutes of reading several posts, the two were on a Zoom call—an "influencer-to-executive" hiring path that reflects prediction markets' social media-native culture.
The 10x thesis and supporting data
On August 18, 2025, one week before officially joining Kalshi, Wang posted his central prediction: "mark my words: prediction markets will be 10x bigger than memecoins." The data he subsequently released showed the trend was already underway. Prediction markets had reached 38% of total Solana memecoin trading volume, and after Wang joined Kalshi, the platform's trading volume tripled in less than one month. Meanwhile, memecoin unique addresses declined to less than 10% of their December 2024 peak—a catastrophic collapse in participation.
Wang's analysis identified several structural advantages of prediction markets over memecoins. Transparency and fairness top the list: outcomes depend on objective real-world events rather than project team decisions, eliminating rug pull risk. The worst case scenario changes from being scammed to simply losing a fair bet. Second, prediction markets provide a psychological shift that Wang articulates as transforming mindset from "Will the development team abscond with the funds?" to "Will the event itself occur?"—representing an upgrade in speculative behavior patterns. Third, they offer similar dopamine with better mechanisms, providing comparable wealth effects and excitement but with transparent settlement anchored to real-world outcomes with what Wang calls a "fundamental basis of authenticity."
Perhaps Wang's most philosophical insight centers on generational engagement. "My generation grew up doomscrolling, watching events unfold passively with distance and hopelessness. Prediction markets flip that script," he explained in his LinkedIn announcement. Even a small stake makes you pay closer attention, discuss events with friends, and feel invested in outcomes. This transformation from passive consumption to active participation extends across political, financial, and cultural domains—someone who usually skips the Oscars suddenly researching every nominee, someone who avoided politics watching debates closely for "mentions market" alpha.
Token2049 Singapore and the Trojan Horse concept
At Token2049 in Singapore during September/October 2025, Wang outlined Kalshi's aggressive expansion vision to The Block in an interview that would define his strategic approach. "U.S.-regulated prediction market platform Kalshi will be on 'every large crypto application and exchange' within the next 12 months," he declared. This next phase of building an ecosystem of new financial primitives and trading front-ends on top of Kalshi represents what Wang calls "a 10x unlock for us. And crypto is core to this mission."
Wang's success metric is unambiguous: "I think in 12 months I would have failed my job if we couldn't look the crypto community in the eyes and be like, 'we genuinely made positive impact here, we brought in new audiences into crypto.'"
His most memorable framing from this period introduced the "Trojan Horse" concept: "I think prediction markets are similar to [crypto] options that are packaged in the most accessible form possible. So I think prediction markets are like the Trojan Horse for [people] to enter crypto." The reasoning centers on accessibility—crypto options haven't gained significant mainstream adoption despite extensive discussion, but prediction markets package similar financial primitives in a format that resonates with broader audiences. They offer derivatives exposure without requiring users to understand complex crypto-specific concepts.
Kalshi's crypto strategy under Wang's leadership
Wang's tenure immediately triggered multiple strategic initiatives. In September 2025, Kalshi launched KalshiEco Hub in partnership with Solana and Base (Coinbase's Layer 2), creating a blockchain-based prediction market ecosystem offering grants, technical support, and marketing assistance for builders, traders, and content creators. The platform expanded cryptocurrency support to accept Bitcoin (added April 2025), USDC, Solana with up to $500,000 deposit limits (added May 2025), and Worldcoin—all facilitated through Zero Hash partnership for regulatory compliance.
Wang articulated his vision for the crypto community: "The crypto community is the definition of power users, people who live and breathe new financial markets and frontier technology. We're welcoming a huge developer base who are excited about building tools for those power users." The infrastructure being developed includes real-time event data pushed to blockchains, sophisticated data dashboards, AI agents for prediction markets, and new venues for informational arbitrage.
Strategic partnerships rapidly multiplied: Robinhood integrated NFL and college football prediction markets, Webull offered short-term crypto price speculation (Bitcoin hourly moves), World App launched a Mini App for prediction markets funded with WLD, and xAI (Elon Musk's AI company) provided AI-generated insights for event betting. Solana and Base partnerships focused on blockchain ecosystem development, with additional blockchain partnerships in the pipeline. Wang stated his team is expanding crypto event contract markets "by a ton," currently offering over 50 crypto-specific markets covering Bitcoin price movements, legislative developments, and crypto adoption milestones.
Kalshi's explosive growth and market dominance
The results have been dramatic. Kalshi's market share surged from 3.3% in 2024 to 66% by end of September 2025, commanding approximately 70% of global prediction market volume despite operating in only one country (the United States). September 2025 saw $875 million in monthly volume, narrowing the gap with Polymarket's $1 billion. After Wang joined, trading volume tripled in less than one month. Revenue growth reached 1,220% in 2024.
The June 2025 Series C raised $185 million led by Paradigm at a $2 billion valuation, with investors including Sequoia Capital and Multicoin Capital. Kyle Samani, managing partner at Multicoin Capital (a Kalshi investor), validated Wang's unconventional hiring: "after reading several of Wang's posts, he reached out and they were on a Zoom call within minutes."
Kalshi's regulatory advantage proved decisive. As the first CFTC-regulated prediction market platform in the U.S., Kalshi won a landmark legal battle against the CFTC in 2024 when courts ruled the platform could offer political event contracts. The CFTC dropped its appeal in May 2025 under the Trump administration. Donald Trump Jr. serves as strategic adviser, and board member Brian Quintenz was nominated to lead the CFTC—positioning Kalshi favorably in the regulatory environment.
Wang's perspective on regulation reflects his broader "crypto is eating finance" thesis: "We don't really see this distinction between a crypto company and a non-crypto company. Over time, anyone who is basically moving money or anyone who's in financial services is going to be a crypto company in one way, shape or form."
Wang's vision for mainstream adoption
Wang's stated mission centers on "bringing prediction markets mainstream as trusted financial infrastructure." He positions prediction markets and event contracts as a new asset class now held at the same level as normal derivatives and stocks. His social transformation vision sees prediction markets as the mechanism for society to process truth, increase engagement, and transform passive consumption into active participation across political, financial, and cultural domains.
On crypto integration specifically, Wang declares: "Crypto will be existential to Kalshi's success just like it is for Robinhood, Stripe, and Coinbase." His 12-month goals include integrating Kalshi into every major crypto exchange and application, building an ecosystem of new financial primitives and trading front-ends, onboarding crypto-native power users, and making "positive impact" by bringing new audiences into crypto.
Industry validation arrived from Thomas Peterffy, Interactive Brokers founder, who publicly predicted in November 2024 that prediction markets may surpass the stock market in size within 15 years because they uniquely price various public expectations—a forecast that aligns with Wang's 10x thesis.
The dramatic shift from memecoins to prediction markets
The memecoin market reached its zenith on December 5, 2024, with market capitalization hitting $124-125 billion representing 12% of the total altcoin market. The Q4 2024 surge of 126.64% was driven by tokens like Neiro, MOODENG, GOAT, ACT, and PNUT, with momentum accelerating following Donald Trump's presidential victory in November 2024. Then came the crash.
By March 2025, memecoin market cap had collapsed 56% to $54 billion—a catastrophic $70 billion loss. Pump.fun trading volume crashed from $3.3 billion in January 2025 to $814 million. The number of unique memecoin traders on Solana DEXs dropped to less than 10% of the December peak. Solana transaction fee revenue dropped over 90%. Google Trends search volume for "memecoin" plummeted from a peak score of 100 in mid-January to just 8 by late March. Even Elon Musk, a prominent memecoin supporter, likened them to "casinos" and cautioned against investing life savings. Bitwise CIO Matt Hougan declared "the end of the meme coin boom."
Why memecoins failed: structural unsustainability
The memecoin model offered no intrinsic utility beyond speculation, depending entirely on hype, social media momentum, and celebrity endorsements. The brutal statistic: 99% of newly issued memecoins eventually go to zero. What remained was pure "pass-the-parcel" gaming with no fundamental support—small and medium retail investors competing against each other in zero-sum PVP combat.
Structural problems multiplied. Rampant insider trading and market manipulation plagued the space. Development teams routinely abandoned projects after raising funds through rug pulls. Regulatory classification as unregulated gambling limited institutional participation. Large market makers withdrew from the gray area due to compliance pressure. The profit-loss ratio on Pump.fun deteriorated from 7:3 to 6:4, with most gains and losses concentrated in the ±$500 range—the wealth effect was rapidly fading.
Cultural consensus building proved impossible to sustain. As one industry analysis concluded: "Old memes have become trading tools, new memes have become the domain of P-junkies, and cultural consensus has become unrealistic. All signs indicate that the myth of memecoins is gradually fading, and the market is beginning to turn its attention to new hot areas."
What prediction markets offer instead
Prediction markets provide real utility: crowdsourced intelligence with demonstrated accuracy up to 94% in forecasting events. Information aggregation transforms disparate opinions into collective forecasts. Verifiable outcomes based on objective real-world events eliminate trust requirements in development teams. Transparent settlement through oracles means no risk of rug pulls or insider manipulation—the worst case is losing your bet fairly, not to fraud.
David Sklansky's poker theory provides useful framing: "The essence of gambling is betting under information asymmetry." Prediction markets offer similar dopamine to memecoins but with transparent, fair mechanisms. The psychological shift Wang identifies—from worrying about team behavior to analyzing event likelihood—represents an upgrade in speculative behavior patterns.
Prediction markets also provide broader appeal with lower education costs. Topics span politics, economics, sports, entertainment, and culture—real-world events people already follow. Users don't need to understand crypto-specific concepts or evaluate tokenomics. They can bet on outcomes they're already interested in and informed about.
Revenue sustainability distinguishes prediction markets from memecoins. Kalshi demonstrated a proven business model with revenue growing from $1.8 million in 2023 to $24 million in 2024—a 1,220% increase generated from sustainable 1% take rates. This represents genuine product-market fit rather than speculation-driven pump-and-dump cycles.
Evidence of capital rotation underway
By late September 2025, the transition had become quantifiable. On September 29, 2025, prediction markets reached $351.7 million in daily trading volume, exceeding Solana memecoins at $277.2 million for the first time. Weekly volumes showed prediction markets at $1.54 billion compared to Solana memecoins at $2.8 billion—prediction markets had reached 55% of memecoin volume.
Kalshi's weekly volume hit $854.7 million, an all-time high surpassing even the November 2024 U.S. election peak of $750 million. Annual trading volume reached $1.97 billion, a 10x increase. Polymarket processed weekly volume of $355.6 million. Combined, the prediction market sector was handling approximately $1.4 billion in weekly volume by October 2025.
User migration evidence appeared across multiple data points. Polymarket reached 1.3 million traders. "Personality stories" on Twitter/X shifted from memecoin gains to prediction market wins. Bridging data showed capital rotating from Solana and Ethereum to prediction platforms. The number of participants potentially reached millions across platforms.
Institutional validation as the ultimate signal
Perhaps the most decisive evidence of this transition arrived through institutional capital. In October 2025, Intercontinental Exchange (ICE)—the parent company of the New York Stock Exchange—invested $2 billion in Polymarket at an $8 billion post-money valuation. This represented the largest single investment in prediction markets and signaled mainstream financial infrastructure acceptance.
Earlier in June 2025, Kalshi raised $185 million at a $2 billion valuation led by Paradigm and Sequoia. Polymarket had raised $200 million in early 2025 led by Peter Thiel's Founders Fund. Donald Trump Jr.'s 1789 Capital invested tens of millions. Traditional investors including Charles Schwab, Henry Kravis (KKR), and Peng Zhao participated in funding rounds. Reports emerged in October 2025 that Citadel, the $60+ billion hedge fund handling roughly 40% of U.S. retail equity volume, was exploring launching or investing in a prediction platform.
Total sector funding reached $385 million, with institutional adoption accelerating. Susquehanna International Group became Kalshi's first dedicated institutional market maker in April 2024, providing professional liquidity. The combination of capital inflows, institutional partnerships, and regulatory victories marked prediction markets' transition from fringe crypto experiment to legitimate financial infrastructure.
Current prediction markets landscape and technology
The prediction markets ecosystem in 2024-2025 features several major platforms with distinct approaches, collectively processing over $13 billion in cumulative trading volume. Each platform targets different user segments and regulatory environments, creating a competitive but rapidly expanding market.
Polymarket dominates decentralized prediction markets
Launched in 2020 by Shayne Coplan, Polymarket operates on Ethereum's Polygon sidechain using a central limit order book with hybrid decentralization—off-chain order matching for speed combined with on-chain settlement for transparency. The platform exclusively uses USDC stablecoin and employs UMA oracle for dispute resolution.
Polymarket's 2024 performance was extraordinary: $9 billion in cumulative trading volume with a peak monthly volume of $2.63 billion in November 2024 driven by the U.S. presidential election. Over $3.3 billion was wagered on the presidential race alone, representing 46% of year-to-date volume. The platform peaked at 314,500 monthly active traders in December 2024, with open interest reaching $510 million in November. From January to November 2024, volume increased 48x—from $54 million to $2.6 billion monthly.
Through September 2025, Polymarket processed $7.74+ billion year-to-date with $1.16 billion in June alone. The platform hosts nearly 30,000 markets across topics and commands 99%+ market share of decentralized prediction markets. Key features include binary Yes/No market simplicity, integration with MoonPay for fiat onramps (PayPal, Apple Pay, Google Pay, credit/debit cards), and a Liquidity Rewards Program for market makers. Notably, Polymarket currently charges no platform fees, with monetization planned for the future.
The platform's regulatory journey shaped its evolution. After a $1.4 million CFTC fine in January 2022, Polymarket was prohibited from offering contracts to U.S. users without CFTC registration and moved operations offshore. Following an FBI raid on CEO Coplan's home in November 2024, the DOJ and CFTC formally ended investigations in July 2025 without bringing charges. On July 21, 2025, Polymarket acquired QCEX, a CFTC-licensed derivatives exchange and clearinghouse, for $112 million, enabling regulated U.S. market reentry. By October 2025, Polymarket received regulatory clearance to operate domestically.
Kalshi's regulated approach captures market share
Kalshi, cofounded by Tarek Mansour and Luana Lopes Lara in 2018, became the first CFTC-regulated prediction market in the U.S. This status provides full regulatory compliance, allowing bets up to $100 million on approved markets. The platform operates as a fully regulated exchange with conservative market vetting, partial payout rules for controversial outcomes, and focus on financial, political, and sports markets.
Performance metrics for 2024-2025 demonstrate explosive growth. March Madness 2024 generated $500+ million in sports betting volume. Following the October 2, 2024 federal appeals court ruling allowing election markets, over $3 million traded on election contracts within days. By September 2025, weekly trading volume reached $500+ million with average open interest of $189 million. Kalshi's market share surged from 3.1% in September 2024 to 62.2% in September 2025—capturing majority control of global prediction market activity.
Sports betting dominates Kalshi's volume, comprising 75%+ of activity in the first half of 2025. The platform processed $2 billion in sports volume during this period, with NFL Week 2 in September 2025 generating 588,520 trades in a single day—exceeding 2024 election activity. Four weeks from September 1-28, 2025 produced $1.13 billion in NFL trading volume alone, representing 42% of total platform volume. March Madness 2025 contributed $513 million, NBA Playoffs $453 million.
Strategic partnerships expanded distribution. Robinhood launched a prediction markets hub powered by Kalshi in March 2025, bringing prediction markets to 24+ million retail investors and generating a "large chunk" of Kalshi's trading volume. Interactive Brokers offers certain Kalshi contracts to its institutional client base. Daily wagers average $19 million, with the platform charging approximately 1% commission on customer bets.
Augur pioneered fully decentralized prediction markets, launching in July 2018 with version 2 following in July 2020. Operating on Ethereum, Augur uses REP (Reputation token) for dispute resolution and allows trading in ETH or DAI stablecoin. The platform offers three market types: binary, categorical (up to 7 options), and scalar (numerical ranges). REP token holders stake to report outcomes and earn settlement fees through a progressive reputation bonding system. Version 2 reduced outcome resolution from 7 days to 24 hours and integrated with 0x protocol for improved liquidity.
However, Augur faced challenges including high Ethereum gas fees, slow transactions, and user adoption drop-off. The platform announced a "reboot" in 2025 with next-generation oracle technology, though it maintains historical significance as the first decentralized prediction market that pioneered the model.
Azuro launched in 2021 as an infrastructure and liquidity layer for prediction and betting dapps, focusing on sports betting's "evergreen" market demand. Operating on Polygon and other EVM-compatible chains, Azuro employs a peer-to-pool mechanism where users provide liquidity to pools and earn APY. August 2024 metrics showed $11 million in trading volume, $6.5 million TVL in liquidity pools offering 19.5% APY, and 44% returning user rate. The platform hosts 30+ sports-focused dapps and achieved #1 revenue-generating protocol status on Polygon in June 2024. Key innovations include live betting features launched in April 2024 and AI partnership with Olas for sports outcome prediction.
Drift BET launched August 19, 2024 on Solana as part of Drift Protocol's perpetual futures DEX. The platform generated $3.5 million in orderbook liquidity within first 24 hours and exceeded Polymarket in daily volume on August 29, 2024. From August 18-31, 2024, it processed $24 million in total bets across 4 markets. The platform's unique features center on capital efficiency: built on Drift's $500+ million liquidity base, supporting 30+ token collateral types (not limited to USDC), automatic yield earning on collateral while betting, and structured positions combining prediction market bets with derivatives hedging.
Technology innovations enabling prediction markets
Oracles serve as the critical bridge between blockchain smart contracts and real-world data, essential for settling prediction market outcomes. Chainlink's decentralized oracle network pulls data from multiple sources to reduce single-point-of-failure risk, providing tamper-proof inputs used by Polymarket for instant Bitcoin prediction markets. UMA's optimistic oracle system employs community-based dispute resolution where token holders vote on outcomes through progressive bonding, though Polymarket notably overruled UMA oracle on a $DJT memecoin wager incident.
Smart contracts execute automatically when conditions are met, eliminating intermediaries and ensuring transparent, immutable settlement on blockchain. This automation reduces costs while increasing reliability. Automated Market Makers (AMMs) provide algorithmic liquidity without traditional order books, used by platforms like Polkamarkets and Azuro. Similar to Uniswap's model, AMMs adjust prices based on supply and demand, though liquidity providers face impermanent loss risk.
Layer 2 scaling solutions dramatically reduce costs and increase throughput. Polygon serves as the primary chain for Polymarket and Azuro, offering lower fees than Ethereum mainnet. Solana provides high-speed, low-cost alternatives for platforms like Drift BET. These scaling improvements enable smaller bets economically viable for retail users.
Stablecoin infrastructure reduces crypto volatility risk. USDC dominates as the primary currency across most platforms, providing 1:1 USD peg for predictable outcomes and easier user onboarding from traditional finance. Augur v2 uses DAI as a decentralized stablecoin alternative.
Cross-collateral capabilities introduced by Drift BET allow users to post 30+ different tokens as collateral, enabling margin trading on prediction positions and unified platforms for hedging strategies while generating yield on idle collateral. Hybrid architecture combines off-chain order matching (for speed and efficiency) with on-chain settlement (for transparency and security), pioneered by Polymarket to capture benefits of both centralized and decentralized approaches.
Use cases beyond traditional betting
Prediction markets demonstrate value far beyond gambling through information aggregation and forecasting. Markets aggregate dispersed knowledge from thousands of participants with financial incentives ensuring honest forecasting. The "wisdom of crowds" effect means combined knowledge often surpasses individual experts. The 2024 U.S. election proved this: prediction markets predicted Trump victory more accurately than most polls, with real-time updates versus periodic polling and self-correction through continuous trading.
Academic research applications include forecasting infectious disease spread—Iowa influenza prediction markets achieved 2-4 weeks advance accuracy. Climate change outcomes, economic indicators, and scientific research outcomes all benefit from market-based forecasting.
Corporate decision-making represents a growing application. Best Buy successfully used employee prediction markets to forecast Shanghai store opening delays, preventing financial losses. Hewlett-Packard forecasted quarterly printer sales using internal markets. Google runs internal markets with non-cash prizes for product launch predictions and feature adoption. Benefits include tapping employee knowledge across organizations, decentralized information collection, anonymous participation encouraging honest input, and reducing groupthink versus traditional consensus methods.
Financial hedging allows risk management against adverse interest rate movements, election outcomes, weather events affecting agriculture, and supply chain disruptions. Drift BET's structured positions combine prediction market positions with derivatives—for example, going long on an election outcome while shorting Bitcoin simultaneously through unified platforms enabling cross-market correlation strategies.
Economic and policy forecasting sees institutional use. Hedge funds use prediction markets as alternative data sources. Portfolio managers incorporate prediction market probabilities into models. Federal Reserve rate cut predictions, inflation forecasting, commodity prices, GDP growth expectations, and government shutdown durations all attract significant trading volume—the recent government shutdown duration market saw $4+ million wagered.
Governance and DAO decision-making implement "futarchy": vote on values, bet on beliefs. DAOs use prediction markets to guide governance decisions, with market outcomes informing policy choices. Vitalik Buterin has championed this use case since 2014 as a method to reduce political bias in organizational decisions.
Regulatory developments and market data
The regulatory landscape for prediction markets transformed dramatically in 2024-2025, moving from hostile uncertainty to emerging clarity and institutional acceptance. This shift enabled explosive growth while creating new compliance frameworks.
CFTC regulatory framework and evolution
Prediction markets operate as "event contracts" under the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA), regulated by the CFTC as derivatives products. Platforms must register as Designated Contract Markets (DCMs) to operate legally in the U.S. Event contracts are defined as derivatives whose payoff is based on specified events, occurrences, or values—macroeconomic indicators, political outcomes, sports results.
The designation process allows DCMs to list new contracts through self-certification (filing with CFTC) or by requesting Commission approval. The CFTC has 90 days to review self-certified contracts under Regulation 40.11. Requirements include market integrity standards, transparency, anti-manipulation safeguards, verified source data and resolution mechanisms, comprehensive surveillance systems, complete collateralization of contracts (typically no leverage/margin), and KYC/AML compliance.
CFTC Regulation 40.11 prohibits event contracts on terrorism, war, assassination, and "gaming"—though gaming definition has been subject to extensive litigation. Post-Dodd-Frank Act (2010), the economic purpose test was repealed, shifting approval focus to regulatory compliance with core principles rather than restricting subject matter based on utility demonstration.
Landmark legal victories reshape the landscape
Kalshi v. CFTC represents the watershed moment. On June 12, 2023, Kalshi self-certified Congressional Control Contracts. In August 2023, the CFTC disapproved the contracts, claiming they involved "gaming" and were "contrary to public interest." On September 12, 2024, U.S. District Court (D.C.) ruled in favor of Kalshi, finding the CFTC's determination "arbitrary and capricious." When the CFTC sought an emergency stay, the D.C. Circuit Court denied the request on October 2, 2024. Kalshi began offering election prediction contracts immediately in October 2024.
The ruling established that election contracts do NOT constitute "gaming" under the CEA, opening pathways for CFTC-regulated election prediction markets and setting precedent limiting the CFTC's ability to prohibit event contracts on subject matter grounds. Kalshi CEO Tarek Mansour declared: "Election markets are here to stay."
Trump administration regulatory shift
On February 5, 2025, the CFTC under Acting Chairman Caroline D. Pham announced a Prediction Markets Roundtable, marking a dramatic policy reversal. Pham stated: "Unfortunately, the undue delay and anti-innovation policies of the past several years have severely restricted the CFTC's ability to pivot to common-sense regulation of prediction markets. Prediction markets are an important new frontier in harnessing the power of markets to assess sentiment to determine probabilities that can bring truth to the Information Age."
The CFTC identified key obstacles including existing Commission orders under Regulation 40.11, federal court opinions on "gaming" definition, the CFTC's previous legal arguments and positions, staff interpretations and practices, and state regulatory conflicts. Reform topics included revisions to Part 38 and Part 40 of CFTC regulations, customer protection from binary options fraud, sports-related event contracts, and innovation facilitation.
On September 5, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul Atkins and CFTC Acting Chairman Caroline Pham issued a joint statement on regulatory harmonization, committing to provide clarity for innovators listing event contracts on prediction markets responsibly, including those based on securities. The agencies pledged to examine opportunities for collaboration regardless of jurisdictional boundaries, harmonize product definitions, streamline reporting standards, and establish coordinated innovation exemptions. A joint SEC-CFTC roundtable convened on September 29, 2025—the first coordinated effort to establish unified regulatory framework across securities and commodities jurisdictions.
State-level regulatory challenges persist
Despite federal progress, state-level conflicts have emerged. As of 2025, cease and desist orders were issued against Kalshi by Illinois, Maryland, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, and Ohio (6 states); against Robinhood for prediction markets by Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey, and Ohio (4 states); and against Crypto.com by Illinois, Maryland, and Ohio (3 states).
States claim prediction markets constitute sports betting or gambling requiring state gaming licenses. Kalshi argues federal preemption under the CEA. In Massachusetts, Attorney General Andrea Campbell filed a lawsuit in 2025 claiming Kalshi operates illegally as a sportsbook, noting over $1 billion wagered on sports events in the first half of 2025 when sports markets comprised 75%+ of platform activity. The complaint alleges Kalshi uses "casino-style mechanics" and behavioral design to encourage excessive betting.
However, two federal courts have issued injunctions against state attempts to shut down Kalshi, ruling platforms "likely to prevail" on arguments that federal law preempts state regulation. This creates an ongoing federal preemption battle with multiple jurisdictions involved.
Trading volume and adoption statistics
Aggregate sector statistics show combined cumulative volume exceeding $13 billion across all platforms in 2024-2025. Average turnover per trading event on major platforms reaches $13 million. The peak single-event volume was $3.3+ billion on the 2024 presidential election through Polymarket. Monthly volume growth rates sustained 60-70% throughout 2024.
September 2025 daily volumes demonstrate market distribution: Kalshi processed $110 million (80% sports), Polymarket $44 million, Crypto.com $13 million (98% sports), and ForecastEx $95,000—totaling approximately $170 million in daily volume across the sector.
Polymarket's user growth trajectory shows dramatic expansion: from 4,000 active traders in January 2024 to 314,500 in December 2024, representing 74% average monthly growth throughout 2024. User growth sustained post-election despite volume decline, indicating increasing platform stickiness.
Kalshi's market share transformation represents the most dramatic competitive shift: transaction share grew from 12.9% in September 2024 to 63.9% in September 2025, while market share surged from 3.1% to 62.2% in the same period. NFL Week 2 in September 2025 surpassed 2024 election activity in transaction volume.
Institutional versus retail participation
Institutional adoption indicators show significant progress. Susquehanna International Group became Kalshi's first dedicated institutional market maker in April 2024, providing consistent professional liquidity and marking the transition from purely retail to institutional-grade infrastructure.
Strategic investments validate the sector. ICE's October 2025 investment of $2 billion in Polymarket at $8 billion valuation represents the decisive institutional endorsement. NYSE President Lynn Martin stated the partnership will "bring prediction markets into financial mainstream," with plans to distribute Polymarket data to thousands of financial institutions globally. Kalshi's June 2025 Series (Q3) raised $185 million led by Paradigm and Sequoia. The Clearing Company raised $15 million seed round led by Union Square Ventures with Coinbase Ventures and Haun Ventures participating, focusing on building CFTC-compliant blockchain infrastructure for institutional investors.
Distribution partnerships bring institutional credibility. The Robinhood-Kalshi partnership provides Robinhood's 24+ million retail investors direct access to Kalshi contracts, with a "large chunk" of Kalshi's trading volume now originating from Robinhood users. Interactive Brokers-ForecastEx integration provides IBKR clients access to Forecast Contracts through professional trading platforms. In June 2025, Elon Musk's X (Twitter) announced "joining forces" with Polymarket for potential integration of prediction markets into social media.
Retail participation remains the primary driver of volume and transaction count. Demographics skew younger (18-35 age range), particularly on crypto-based platforms. Trading behavior shows smaller position sizes ($50-$5,000 typical for retail), higher frequency trading on sports markets, and longer-term positions on political markets. Retail accounts for approximately 90-95% of participants by count but likely represents 50-60% of volume, with institutional market makers contributing 30-40% through liquidity provision. Average retail positions range $500-$2,000, while institutional positions span $50,000-$1,000,000+ for market making activities.
Concerns about gambling addiction have emerged. Massachusetts lawsuit highlights "casino-style mechanics" and behavioral design concerns. Sports betting is recognized as a "gateway" to gambling problems due to accessibility and rapid resolution cycles. Post-election dynamics showed many users joined solely for 2024 election betting and departed afterward, though sports markets are attracting traditional sportsbook users and providing event-driven participation spikes around major news events.
Polymarket's valuation trajectory demonstrates sector growth: from $1 billion in June 2024 following a $200 million funding round led by Founders Fund to $8-10 billion in October 2025 with ICE's $2 billion investment—an 8x increase in 16 months. Total raised exceeds $70 million in prior rounds with investors including Vitalik Buterin.
Kalshi's valuation reached $2 billion in June 2024 with $185 million Series C from Sequoia and Paradigm, up from $787 million post-money valuation in October 2024—a 2.5x increase in 8 months. Prior funding included $4 million seed from Polychain Capital and $70 million Series A/B in May 2023.
Total sector valuation exceeds $10 billion with continued institutional interest. Reports indicate Citadel exploring prediction market entry or investment, which would bring significant market-making expertise and capital to the space.
Future outlook and critical analysis
Prediction markets stand at an inflection point between niche experiment and mainstream financial infrastructure. Growth projections, institutional investments, and regulatory breakthroughs suggest genuine momentum, but fundamental challenges around liquidity, seasonality, and utility remain unresolved.
Growth projections show explosive potential
Market size forecasts project growth from $1.5 billion in 2024 to potentially $95 billion by 2035—representing 63x expansion. Alternative projections based on current monthly volume of $1 billion suggest the sector could reach $1 trillion in total volume by 2030 if momentum continues. DeFi prediction market projections from Grand View Research estimate market size of $20.48 billion in 2024 growing to $231.19 billion by 2030, representing 53.7% CAGR (Mordor Intelligence offers more conservative 27.23% CAGR).
Growth drivers include tokenized real-world assets integration, cross-chain interoperability improvements, institutional-grade custody solutions, regulatory clarity and compliance frameworks, and traditional finance integration through ICE, Robinhood, and similar partnerships. Current volume trends show Kalshi at $956 million weekly and Polymarket at $464 million weekly as of October 2025, for combined weekly volumes exceeding $1.4 billion.
Major institutional investments validate projections. Beyond ICE's $2 billion Polymarket investment, Peter Thiel's Founders Fund and Vitalik Buterin participated in $200 million funding. Donald Trump Jr.'s 1789 Capital invested tens of millions. Traditional investors including Charles Schwab, Henry Kravis (KKR), and Peng Zhao joined rounds. Citadel's reported exploration of prediction markets entry would bring the $60+ billion hedge fund's market-making expertise (handling ~40% of U.S. retail equity volume) to the space.
Critical challenges threaten sustainability
Liquidity crisis represents the most fundamental obstacle. Presto Research identifies this as "the biggest problem facing prediction markets today," noting that "even at their peak, attention is mostly short-lived and limited to certain periods like elections, with only the top 3 to 5 markets having enough volume for people to trade in size."
A 2024 Yale Study examining the Montana Senate race found only approximately $75,000 total historical trading volume on Kalshi—"pocket change for a wealthy donor." The study authors were "shocked by how few traders actually bet on these platforms," finding thin order books with zero sellers in certain markets and spreads running up to 50%. Small bets of just a few thousand dollars can move markets several percentage points. Long-tail events struggle to attract participants, creating persistent thin order books. Liquidity providers face impermanent loss as event outcomes become certain and token prices converge toward zero or one.
Market design issues compound liquidity problems. All-or-nothing payouts suit gamblers more than traditional investors. Top 10 Polymarket markets feature extended resolution dates that tie up capital. Compared to traditional finance, prediction markets lack appeal to serious investors due to higher risk of total loss. Compared to sports betting, they offer slower resolutions and lower entertainment value. Compared to meme coins, they provide lower potential returns (2x versus 10x in minutes). Most volume concentrates in politics (election cycles), crypto, and sports, with little incentive to use prediction markets when crypto exchanges and sports betting sites offer better liquidity and user experience.
Market manipulation and accuracy concerns undermine credibility. The Yale Study concluded manipulation is "extremely easy" given thin trading volume, noting "for only a few tens of thousands of dollars...one could easily corner this market." Well-capitalized participants easily influence prices in low-liquidity markets. "Dumb money" is needed to allow "smart money" to overcome the vig, but insufficient retail participation creates structural problems. Insider trading concerns exist with no clear enforcement mechanism. The free-rider problem means prediction market forecasts are public goods that can't be monetized effectively.
Council on Foreign Relations notes "liquidity constraints limit their reliability, and prediction markets shouldn't replace expertise." Works in Progress Magazine argues "prediction markets as they exist are probably, at their best, similarly accurate to other high quality sources" like Metaculus and 538. The 2022 U.S. Midterm Elections saw Metaculus, 538, and Manifold all predict better than Polymarket and PredictIt. Historical failures include Brexit, Trump 2016, WMD in Iraq (2003), and John Roberts nomination predictions.
Methodologically, prediction markets don't converge to accurate odds until near the event—"too late to matter." They remain susceptible to herd behavior, overconfidence bias, anchoring, and tribal behavior. Most questions require specialized knowledge yet most participants lack it. The zero-sum nature means every winner necessitates an equal loser, making productive investment impossible.
Pathways to mainstream adoption exist but require execution
Regulatory compliance and clarity offer the clearest path forward. Kalshi's CFTC-regulated exchange model and QCEX acquisition for U.S. compliance demonstrates compliance-first infrastructure as competitive advantage. Required developments include clear frameworks balancing innovation with consumer protection, resolution of gambling versus derivatives classification debates, and state-level coordination to prevent fragmented regulations.
Distribution and integration can overcome accessibility barriers. The Robinhood-Kalshi partnership brings prediction markets to millions of retail traders. MetaMask integration in 2025 added Polymarket directly in wallet apps. ICE's partnership provides global distribution of event-driven data to institutional clients. Social media integration through platforms like Farcaster and Solana's Blink enables viral sharing. CME Group launching 24/7 crypto trading in early 2026 signals institutional adoption pathways.
Product innovation could address fundamental design limitations. Leveraged products would allow capital efficiency for long-duration markets. Parlay betting combining multiple predictions offers higher rewards. Peer-to-pool liquidity models like Azuro aggregate capital to act as single counterparty. Yield-bearing stablecoins address opportunity cost of capital lock-up. Permissionless market creation through platforms like Swaye enables user-generated markets with memecoins tied to outcomes.
AI integration may prove transformative. Grok-Kalshi partnership provides AI-powered real-time probability assessments. AI can analyze trends to suggest timely market topics, power liquidity management through market making, and participate as trading bots to enhance market depth. Vitalik Buterin's vision centers on AI enabling high-quality information even on $10 volume markets: "One technology that will turbocharge info finance in the next decade is AI."
Market diversification beyond elections addresses seasonality. Kalshi's 92% sports betting volume demonstrates strong demand outside politics. Corporate events including earnings predictions, product launches, and M&A outcomes offer continuous trading opportunities. Macro events like Fed decisions, CPI releases, and economic indicators attract institutional hedging. Science and technology predictions (ChatGPT-5 release timing, breakthrough forecasts) and pop culture markets (awards shows, entertainment outcomes) broaden appeal.
Traditional finance integration shows promise and limitations
Current integration examples demonstrate viability. ICE's $2 billion Polymarket investment brings NYSE parent company distribution and blockchain tokenization collaboration. ICE will syndicate Polymarket data to institutional clients globally and collaborate on tokenization projects. Lynn Martin (NYSE President) stated the partnership will "bring prediction markets into financial mainstream."
Robinhood's integration of Kalshi NFL and college football markets positions Robinhood to compete with DraftKings and FanDuel while normalizing prediction markets as legitimate financial instruments. Citadel's exploration would bring $60+ billion hedge fund market-making expertise to prediction markets, handling a significant portion of U.S. retail equity volume.
Infrastructure development progresses through Kalshi's operation as CFTC-regulated exchange proving the model works and QCEX acquisition providing derivatives clearing and settlement infrastructure. Stablecoin (USDC) acceptance creates bridges between crypto and traditional finance. Prediction market odds are becoming sentiment indicators for hedge funds, with real-time probability data used for institutional decision-making and integration with Bloomberg terminals and financial news platforms.
Event contracts represent a new asset class for portfolio diversification, risk management tools for geopolitical, regulatory, and macro event exposure, and complementary instruments to traditional derivatives where conventional products don't exist.
However, Works in Progress Magazine identifies a fundamental limitation: "Where a conventional prediction market might be useful for hedging, traditional finance has usually created a better product." Since the 1980s, derivatives have been created for federal funds rate, CPI, dividends, and default risk. Prediction markets lack the liquidity and sophistication of established derivatives markets. Traditional finance has already created sophisticated products for most hedging needs, suggesting prediction markets may fill only narrow niches where conventional instruments don't exist.
Expert perspectives: genuine innovation or overhyped narrative?
Vitalik Buterin champions "info finance" vision most ambitiously. He states: "One of the Ethereum applications that has always excited me the most are prediction markets...prediction markets are the beginning of something far more significant: 'info finance'...the intersection of AI and crypto, particularly in prediction markets, could be the 'holy grail of epistemic technology.'"
Buterin envisions prediction markets as three-sided markets where bettors make predictions, readers consume forecasts, and the system generates public predictions as public goods. Applications extend beyond elections to transform social media (Community Notes acceleration), scientific peer review enhancement, news verification, and DAO governance. His thesis: AI will "turbocharge info finance in the next decade," enabling decision markets for comparing business strategies, public goods funding, and talent discovery.
Institutional bulls provide validation. ICE CEO Jeffrey Sprecher: "Our investment combines ICE's market infrastructure with a forward-thinking company shaping how data and events intersect." Polymarket CEO Shayne Coplan: "A major step in bringing prediction markets into the financial mainstream...we're expanding how individuals and institutions use probabilities to understand and price the future." University of Cincinnati economist Michael Jones argues cryptocurrencies show "real-world use case showing value and utility" beyond pure investment, positioning prediction markets as "not bets or gambling at all...an information tool."
Critical academic research challenges this narrative forcefully. The 2024 Yale School of Management Study by Jeffrey Sonnenfeld, Steven Tian, and Anthony Scaramucci concluded: "Shocked by how few traders actually bet on these platforms...more stories written about prediction markets than people who actually use them." Their findings show "thin trading volume and liquidity make it extremely difficult to make bets," with "so-called price cited by media...merely a phantom figure and not representative of reality." A single small bet of a few thousand dollars can move markets several percentage points. Conclusion: "These prediction markets should not be cited by media as credible, reliable indicators."
Works in Progress Magazine argues: "Prediction markets as they exist are probably, at their best, similarly accurate to other high quality sources" like Metaculus and 538. The article identifies a fundamental structural problem: prediction markets need both "smart money" AND "dumb money," but insufficient retail participation undermines the model. Zero-sum nature deters institutional investors since "every winner necessitates an equal and opposite loser." Most potential prediction markets that could legally exist don't exist—suggesting regulation isn't the main barrier but rather lack of genuine demand.
Columbia University's Statistical Modeling Blog notes: "Prediction markets aren't very useful until they have converged, and that only happens near in time to the event...by then, it's usually too late for the results to matter." Bettors don't have better information than anyone else, "just money to throw around." The critique questions whether implied probabilities are valid given questionable assumptions about bettors' rationality and motivations.
Balanced assessment: tributary rather than tidal wave
Prediction markets demonstrate what they do well: aggregating dispersed information effectively when properly functioning, often outperforming polls for longer forecast horizons (100+ days out), providing real-time updates versus slow polling methods, and showing demonstrated accuracy in 2024 U.S. election (Trump 60/40 probability versus polls showing 50/50).
They struggle with low liquidity markets vulnerable to manipulation, seasonal and event-driven engagement rather than sustained utility, better alternatives existing for most use cases (sports betting, crypto trading, traditional derivatives), accuracy not superior to expert forecasters or aggregators like Metaculus, and susceptibility to biases, manipulation, and insider trading without clear enforcement.
Whether prediction markets represent "the next wave" in crypto depends on definition. The bullish case: real-world utility beyond speculation, institutional adoption accelerating (ICE, Citadel interest), regulatory clarity emerging, AI integration unlocking possibilities, and Vitalik Buterin's "info finance" vision expanding beyond betting. The bearish case: niche application without mass market appeal, traditional finance already serving hedging needs better, liquidity crisis potentially fundamental and unsolvable, regulatory risks remaining (state-level gambling conflicts), and more hype than substance with media coverage exceeding actual usage.
Most likely outcome: Prediction markets will grow substantially but remain specialized tools rather than transformative "next wave." Institutional adoption for specific use cases (sentiment indicators, event hedging) will continue. Growth in election and sports betting with regulatory accommodation seems certain. They will occupy a niche position in the broader crypto ecosystem alongside DeFi, NFTs, and gaming rather than displacing these categories. Success as complementary data source rather than replacement for traditional forecasting appears realistic. Ultimate success depends on solving liquidity challenges and demonstrating unique value propositions where traditional alternatives don't exist.
The transition from memecoins to prediction markets represents crypto market maturation—moving from pure speculation on worthless tokens to utility-driven applications with verifiable real-world value. John Wang's 10x thesis may prove accurate in the sense that prediction markets achieve 10x the legitimacy, institutional adoption, and sustainable business models compared to memecoins. Whether they achieve 10x the trading volume or market capitalization remains uncertain and depends on execution against the fundamental challenges identified.
Forward-looking scenarios suggest three paths. The best case (30% probability) sees regulatory clarity achieved in U.S. and Europe by 2026, ICE partnership successfully bringing institutional adoption, AI integration solving liquidity and market creation challenges, prediction markets becoming standard data sources for financial institutions, and $50+ billion market size by 2030 embedded in Bloomberg terminals and trading platforms.
The base case (50% probability) projects growth to $10-20 billion by 2030 while remaining niche, maintaining strong position in election betting, sports, and some macro events, coexisting with traditional forecasting as complementary tools, limited institutional adoption for specific use cases, regulatory patchwork creating fragmented markets, and persistent liquidity challenges for long-tail markets.
The bear case (20% probability) envisions regulatory crackdown post-manipulation scandals, worsening liquidity crisis as retail interest wanes post-election, continued dominance of traditional finance alternatives, valuation collapse as growth disappoints, market consolidation to 1-2 platforms serving shrinking user base, and fading of the "prediction market moment" as the next crypto narrative emerges.
Conclusion: evolution not revolution
Prediction markets in 2024-2025 achieved genuine breakthroughs: landmark court victories establishing regulatory frameworks, $2 billion investment from the NYSE's parent company, demonstrated superior accuracy in forecasting the 2024 presidential election, $13+ billion in cumulative trading volume, and transition from fringe crypto experiment to infrastructure receiving institutional validation. John Wang's thesis about prediction markets surpassing memecoins in legitimacy, sustainability, and utility has proven accurate—the fundamental differences between transparent outcome-based markets and pure speculation are real and meaningful.
Yet the sector faces execution challenges that will determine whether it achieves mainstream adoption or remains specialized niche. Liquidity constraints enable manipulation in all but the largest markets. Post-election volume sustainability remains unproven. Traditional finance offers superior alternatives for most hedging and forecasting needs. State-level regulatory conflicts create fragmented compliance requirements. The gap between media hype and actual user participation persists.
The narrative "prediction markets as the next wave after memecoins" is fundamentally accurate as a statement about crypto market maturation and capital reallocation from pure speculation toward utility. John Wang's vision of prediction markets as crypto's "Trojan Horse"—accessible entry points for mainstream users—shows promise through Robinhood integration and traditional finance partnerships. Vitalik Buterin's "info finance" framework offers compelling long-term potential if AI integration and liquidity challenges can be solved.
But prediction markets are best understood as a tributary rather than a tidal wave—a significant innovation creating legitimate value in specific applications while occupying a specialized position within the broader financial ecosystem. They represent evolution in crypto's utility and maturation, not revolution in how humans forecast and aggregate information. The coming 12-24 months will determine whether prediction markets fulfill the bold projections or settle into a valuable but ultimately modest role as one tool among many in the information age.
