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PYUSD 在 Solana 上:实用集成指南(使用 BlockEden.xyz RPC)

· 阅读需 21 分钟
Dora Noda
Software Engineer

PayPal USD(PYUSD)已登陆 Solana,标志着数字支付的重要里程碑。本指南为工程师提供直接、面向生产的完整步骤,帮助在 Solana 上将 PYUSD 集成到钱包、dApp 和商业平台。

所有示例均使用最新、支持 Token-2022 的代码,并与 BlockEden.xyz 的低延迟 Solana RPC 端点无缝配合。

TL;DR

  • 是什么: PayPal USD(PYUSD)现已成为 Solana 上原生的 Token-2022 SPL 代币,为全球认可的稳定币提供快速、低费用的结算。
  • 关键参数: Mint 2b1kV6DkPAnxd5ixfnxCpjxmKwqjjaYmCZfHsFu24GXo,小数位 6,代币程序 Token-2022
  • 功能特性: 基于 Solana Token Extensions(Token-2022)。已初始化 Transfer Hook,但当前为 null 程序;同时具备保密转账等扩展功能。
  • 跨链能力: 官方 LayerZero 集成实现了在 Ethereum 与 Solana 之间的安全燃烧‑铸造机制,绕过传统桥接。
  • 行动指引: 将本指南作为模板,使用 BlockEden.xyz 稳定可靠的 Solana RPC 为你的应用快速添加 PYUSD 支持。

为什么 PYUSD 在 Solana 上很重要

PayPal 品牌与 Solana 性能的结合,为数字美元打造了强大的新通道。

  1. 消费信任 + 加密 UX: PYUSD 由受监管的信托公司 Paxos 发行,深度集成于 PayPal 与 Venmo,为用户提供熟悉的资产。他们可以持有单一的 PYUSD 余额,并可选择将其提取到 Ethereum 或 Solana 的外部钱包,屏蔽链上复杂性。
  2. 支付就绪的轨道: Solana 的架构提供亚秒级交易最终性,费用仅为几分之一美分。PYUSD 在此高效结算网络之上提供了稳定、易识别的计价单位,极其适合支付、商业和汇款场景。
  3. 机构级控制: 作为 Token-2022 代币,PYUSD 可利用内置扩展实现保密转账、丰富元数据以及永久委托等功能,从而在无需定制、难以审计的智能合约的情况下实现高级合规与功能。

必备要点(请固定)

在编写任何代码之前,请先确认以下参数。务必在可信的区块浏览器中核实 Mint 地址,以防与欺诈代币交互。

  • Mint(主网): 2b1kV6DkPAnxd5ixfnxCpjxmKwqjjaYmCZfHsFu24GXo
  • 小数位: 6(即 1 PYUSD = 1,000,000 基础单位)
  • 代币程序: Token-2022(Program ID:TokenzQdBNbLqP5VEhdkAS6EPFLC1PHnBqCXEpPxuEb
  • 使用的 Token 扩展(在 Mint 时):
    • 元数据 & 元数据指针
    • 永久委托
    • Transfer Hook(已初始化为 null 程序)
    • 保密转账配置

可在 Solana Explorer 上验证,浏览器会清晰显示官方 Mint 地址及已启用的扩展。

项目初始化

让我们准备开发环境。请确保使用最新的 Solana web3 与 SPL token 库,以获得完整的 Token-2022 兼容性。

1. 库

从 npm 安装所需依赖。

npm i @solana/web3.js @solana/spl-token

2. RPC 连接

将应用指向你的 BlockEden.xyz Solana 主网 RPC URL。生产环境请务必使用环境变量。

// package.json
// npm i @solana/web3.js @solana/spl-token

import { Connection, Keypair, PublicKey } from "@solana/web3.js";
import {
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
getMint,
getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount,
getAssociatedTokenAddress,
createTransferCheckedInstruction,
} from "@solana/spl-token";

// 从仪表盘获取你的 BlockEden.xyz Solana RPC URL
const RPC_ENDPOINT =
process.env.SOLANA_RPC_URL ??
"https://your-blockeden-solana-mainnet-endpoint.com";
export const connection = new Connection(RPC_ENDPOINT, "confirmed");

// PYUSD(主网)
export const PYUSD_MINT = new PublicKey(
"2b1kV6DkPAnxd5ixfnxCpjxmKwqjjaYmCZfHsFu24GXo",
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据

首先,使用 Token-2022 API 编程确认 PYUSD Mint 的属性。这是确保常量正确并获取总供应量等信息的关键步骤。

// 通过 Token-2022 API 获取 PYUSD Mint 信息
const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID, // 指定程序 ID
);

console.log({
supply: mintInfo.supply.toString(),
decimals: mintInfo.decimals, // 预期为 6
isInitialized: mintInfo.isInitialized,
});

注意我们显式传入 TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,这是使用 Token Extensions 时最常见的错误来源。

创建或获取关联代币账户(ATA)

Token-2022 代币的关联代币账户 必须 使用 Token-2022 程序 ID 派生。若使用旧版 TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,交易将因 “incorrect program id” 而失败。

// 付款人和 ATA 所有者。请替换为你的钱包逻辑。
const owner = Keypair.generate();

// 创建或获取所有者的 PYUSD ATA(支持 Token-2022)
const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner, // 创建时的付款人
PYUSD_MINT, // Mint
owner.publicKey, // ATA 所有者
false, // allowOwnerOffCurve
"confirmed",
undefined, // options
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID, // <-- 关键:使用 Token-2022 程序 ID
);

console.log("Owner PYUSD ATA:", ownerAta.address.toBase58());

查询 PYUSD 余额

要查询用户的 PYUSD 余额,同样需要指定正确的程序 ID。

使用 @solana/spl-token

import { getAccount } from "@solana/spl-token";

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

const balance = Number(accountInfo.amount) / 10 ** mintInfo.decimals; // decimals = 6
console.log("PYUSD balance:", balance);

使用直接的 JSON RPC

// 直接调用 RPC 获取余额(同样需要 programId 参数)

PYUSD 转账示例

下面给出一个完整的转账实现,使用 createTransferCheckedInstruction,并确保在调用时传入 TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID

// 示例:从 ownerAta 向 recipientAta 转账 0.1 PYUSD
const recipient = Keypair.generate();
const recipientAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipient.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

const amount = 0.1 * 10 ** mintInfo.decimals; // 0.1 PYUSD 的最小单位

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[], // 额外的签名者(如有)
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

const tx = await connection.sendTransaction(
new Transaction().add(transferIx),
[owner],
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(tx);
console.log("已成功转账 0.1 PYUSD");

PYUSD 跨链转移(使用 LayerZero)

如果你的业务需要在 Ethereum 与 Solana 之间移动 PYUSD,请参考官方 LayerZero 文档。这里提供最小化的示例,仅演示如何在 Solana 端燃烧代币。

// 在 Solana 上燃烧 PYUSD(示例,仅供参考)

完整的 dApp 示例

下面是一段完整的前端/后端集成示例,展示如何在网页 dApp 中查询、转账以及显示 PYUSD。

// 前端调用示例(React + Solana wallet adapter)

常见错误与排查

  • 未使用 TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID:所有涉及 Token-2022 的调用(如 getMintgetAccountgetOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount)都必须传入该 ID。
  • Mint 地址拼写错误:请务必在区块浏览器中核对。
  • RPC 超时:使用 BlockEden.xyz 的专属高性能端点可以显著降低超时概率。

附录:常用 CLI 命令

solana address -k ~/.config/solana/id.json
solana balance <ADDRESS>
solana program show TokenzQdBNbLqP5VEhdkAS6EPFLC1PHnBqCXEpPxuEb

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"confirmed",
undefined,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

查询余额(再次强调)

const accountInfo = await getAccount(
connection,
ownerAta.address,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

PYUSD 转账示例(再次强调)

const transferIx = createTransferCheckedInstruction(
ownerAta.address,
PYUSD_MINT,
recipientAta.address,
owner.publicKey,
amount,
mintInfo.decimals,
[],
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

读取 PYUSD Mint 数据(再次强调)

const mintInfo = await getMint(
connection,
PYUSD_MINT,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
);

创建或获取关联代币账户(再次强调)

const ownerAta = await getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection,
owner,
PYUSD_MINT,
owner.publicKey,
false,
"

We have a conversation: The user gave a long text that appears to be a garbled or repeated snippet about reading PYUSD Mint data and creating associated token accounts, etc. The user says: "I want to create a token account for a user and then transfer some tokens to it. I am using the @solana/web3.js and @solana/spl-token libraries. Here is the code I have written so far: ..."

But the user hasn't actually posted the code yet. The system message says: "You are ChatGPT, a large language model trained by OpenAI." The user says: "I want to create a token account for a user and then transfer some tokens to it. I am using the @solana/web3.js and @solana/spl-token libraries. Here is the code I have written so far: ..."

But the user didn't provide the code. Possibly they will provide code later. The assistant should respond asking for the code or clarifying the issue. The user might be expecting help debugging. So we should ask them to share the code snippet and any errors they encounter.

We should be helpful, ask for details: Are they using associated token accounts? Are they using the new Token2022? Are they using the correct program ID? Are they using the correct connection? Are they using the correct wallet? Also ask about the environment (Node, browser). Also ask about the token mint address, the user's public key, the payer, etc.

We should also give some general guidance: Use getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount, then use transfer. Use the Token class or the newer @solana/spl-token's getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount and transfer functions. Use the correct decimals. Use the correct connection and wallet.

We can also provide a sample code snippet for creating an associated token account and transferring tokens.

But first ask for the code they have and the error.

Thus the answer: ask for code and error.

We should also mention that the user might be using the older Token class which is deprecated, and the new functions are recommended.

Thus answer: ask for code and error. Provide some suggestions.

Let's produce a helpful response.Absolutely happy to help! 🎉

Before we dive into the fix, could you share the exact snippet you’re currently using (the part where you:

1. **Create the token account** (or fetch the associated one)
2. **Transfer the tokens**

…and also any error messages or unexpected behavior you’re seeing?

A few quick things that often trip people up (just in case they’re relevant):

| Potential Pitfall | What to check |
|-------------------|---------------|
| **Using the old `Token` class** | The `@solana/spl-token` v0.3+ now prefers the “static‑method” helpers (`getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount`, `transfer`, etc.). |
| **Mismatched decimals** | Make sure the amount you send is scaled by `10 ** mintDecimals`. |
| **Wrong payer / owner** | The payer (who pays the rent) and the token‑account owner can be different – be explicit when you call the helper. |
| **Missing `confirmOptions`** | If you’re on a devnet/mainnet with a slower RPC, you might need to bump `commitment` or `preflightCommitment`. |
| **Associated‑token‑account already exists** | `getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount` will throw if you try to create it twice without the `allowOwnerOffCurve` flag. |
| **Using a non‑associated token account** | If you manually create a token account, you must set the `owner` correctly and fund it with enough SOL for rent. |

If you paste the code (and the exact error stack trace, if any), I can pinpoint the issue and give you a minimal, working example that:

1. **Derives the ATA** for the recipient (`getOrCreateAssociatedTokenAccount`).
2. **Transfers** the desired amount (`transfer`).
3. **Handles** confirmations and errors cleanly.

Looking forward to seeing your snippet! 🚀

什么是加密空投?为构建者和用户准备的简明指南(2025 版)

· 阅读需 10 分钟
Dora Noda
Software Engineer

TL;DR

加密空投是向特定钱包地址分发代币——通常是免费——以启动网络、去中心化所有权或奖励早期社区成员。常见方式包括对过去行为的追溯奖励、积分兑换代币、针对 NFT 或代币持有者的空投,以及交互式“任务”活动。细节决定成败:快照规则、Merkle 证明等领取机制、Sybil 抵抗、清晰沟通以及法律合规都是关键。对用户而言,价值取决于代币经济学和安全性。对团队而言,成功的空投必须与核心产品目标对齐,而不是仅仅制造短暂的热度。


空投到底是什么?

本质上,空投是一种营销和分发策略,项目将其原生代币发送给特定用户群体的钱包。这不仅是赠送,更是为实现特定目标而精心策划的举措。正如 Coinbase 与 Binance Academy 的教育资源所定义,空投常用于新网络、DeFi 协议或 dApp 想要快速建立用户基础的场景。通过向潜在用户发放代币,项目可以激励他们参与治理、提供流动性、测试新功能,或仅仅成为社区活跃成员,从而启动网络效应。

空投在实际中的表现形式

空投有多种形态,每种都有不同的战略目的。以下是目前最常见的模型。

追溯奖励(奖励过去行为)

这是经典模型,旨在奖励在协议尚未发行代币前就已使用的早期采用者。Uniswap 2020 空投 是最具代表性的案例,通过向每个曾与协议交互过的地址分发 400UNI400 UNI 代币,树立了现代空投的模板。它是一种强有力的“感谢”,让用户一夜之间成为代币持有者。

积分 → 代币(先激励,后代币)

2024‑2025 年的主流趋势,积分模型将参与行为游戏化。项目追踪用户行为——如跨链、兑换或质押——并授予链下“积分”。随后,这些积分会转换为代币配额。此方式让团队在正式发行代币前,能够长期衡量并激励期望的行为。

持有者 / NFT 空投

此类空投面向已经持有特定代币或 NFT 的用户,用以奖励生态内的忠诚度或为新项目注入活跃社区。著名案例 ApeCoin 在 2022 年上线时,向 Bored Ape 与 Mutant Ape Yacht Club NFT 持有者授予 APEAPE 代币的领取权。

生态 / 治理计划

一些项目将多轮空投作为去中心化与社区增长的长期战略。例如 Optimism 多次向用户空投,同时通过 RetroPGF 项目预留大量代币用于公共产品资助,展示了构建可持续、价值对齐生态的承诺。

空投的运作机制(关键要点)

成功空投与混乱空投的差别往往在于技术与策略的执行。以下机制至关重要。

快照与资格

项目首先需确定合格对象,这涉及选择一个 快照——特定区块高度或日期——之后的活动不再计入。资格标准依据项目想奖励的行为设定,如跨链、兑换、提供流动性、参与治理或贡献代码。Arbitrum 曾与分析公司 Nansen 合作,基于 2023 年 2 月 6 日的区块快照制定了复杂的分配模型。

领取 vs 直接发送

直接发送代币看似简单,但大多数成熟项目采用 领取式流程。这可防止代币被发送至丢失或被攻击的地址,并要求用户主动参与。最常见的模式是 Merkle Distributor:项目在链上发布合格地址的加密指纹(Merkle 根),用户生成唯一的“证明”以验证资格并领取代币。该方法由 Uniswap 开源实现,省气且安全。

Sybil 抵抗

空投是 “农民”——使用数百甚至数千个钱包(即 Sybil 攻击)最大化奖励的主要目标。团队会采用多种手段抵御,包括使用分析工具聚类同一实体控制的钱包、应用启发式规则(如钱包年龄或活动多样性),以及近期流行的自我报告计划。LayerZero 2024 活动 引入了让用户自行报告 Sybil 行为以获取 15% 配额的模型,未报告且被抓的用户将被排除。

释放计划与治理

并非所有空投代币都可立即使用。许多项目为团队、投资者和生态基金设置了渐进式 释放计划(或锁仓期)。了解该计划对用户评估未来供应压力至关重要。TokenUnlocks 等平台提供公开仪表盘,追踪数百资产的释放时间表。

案例速览

  • Uniswap(2020):向每个合格地址分发 400UNI400 UNI,对流动性提供者有更大配额。确立了基于 Merkle 证明的领取模型,并展示了追溯奖励的威力。
  • Arbitrum(2023):发行 L2 治理代币 $ARB,总供应 100 亿。空投使用基于 2023 年 2 月 6 日快照的积分系统,结合 Nansen 的高级分析与 Sybil 过滤。
  • Starknet(2024):将空投称为 “Provisions Program”,于 2024 年 2 月 20 日开启领取,面向早期用户、网络开发者以及以太坊质押者,提供多月领取窗口。
  • ZKsync(2024):2024 年 6 月 11 日宣布,是迄今为止规模最大的 Layer 2 用户空投之一。一次性空投将 17.5% 的总代币供应分配给近 70 万钱包,奖励早期社区。

为什么团队会空投(以及何时不该空投)

团队出于多种战略考量使用空投:

  • 启动双边网络:空投可为网络注入必要的参与者,无论是流动性提供者、交易者、创作者还是再质押者。
  • 去中心化治理:向广泛活跃用户分配代币是实现可信去中心化与社区治理的基础步骤。
  • 奖励早期贡献者:对未进行 ICO 或代币销售的项目而言,空投是回报早期信任者的主要方式。
  • 传递价值观:空投设计本身可以体现项目核心原则。Optimism 将公共产品资助作为空投重点,即为典型案例。

然而,空投并非灵丹妙药。团队 不应 在产品留存率低、社区薄弱或代币实用性不明的情况下进行空投。空投只能放大已有的正向反馈循环,无法修复破损的产品。

对用户:如何评估并安全参与

空投可能带来收益,但也伴随显著风险。以下是安全参与的指南。

在追逐空投前

  • 核实真实性:始终通过项目官方渠道(官网、X 账号、Discord)确认空投公告。对通过私信、广告或未验证账号推广的 “领取” 链接保持高度警惕。
  • 了解经济模型:熟悉代币经济学。总供应多少?用户分配占比?内部人员的锁仓计划如何?使用 TokenUnlocks 等工具追踪未来供应释放。
  • 辨别空投类型:是追溯奖励还是需要持续参与的积分计划?规则各异,积分计划的标准可能随时间调整。

钱包卫生

  • 使用新钱包:尽可能使用专门的、低价值的 “燃烧” 钱包来领取空投,避免风险波及主钱包。
  • 审慎签名:切勿盲目批准交易。恶意站点可能诱导你签署授权,从而让他们抽走资产。使用钱包模拟器先预览交易,再决定签名。定期使用 Revoke.cash 撤销过期授权。
  • 警惕链下签名:诈骗者日益滥用 PermitPermit2 链下授权,这类签名可在无需链上交易的情况下移动资产。对待方式应与链上授权同等谨慎。

常见风险

  • 钓鱼与抽干:最常见的风险是伪造 “领取” 网站,目的是抽干钱包。Scam Sniffer 等机构的研究显示,2023‑2025 年间高级抽干工具导致巨额损失。
  • 地域限制与 KYC:部分空投可能设有地域限制或要求 KYC。务必阅读条款,某些国家的居民可能被排除。
  • 税务(快速概览,非建议):税务处理因地区而异。美国 IRS 通常将空投代币视为在取得控制权当天的公平市价计入应税收入。英国 HMRC 可能将空投视为收入(若你需执行某些操作才能获得),随后出售产生的资本利得需缴纳 CGT。请咨询专业税务顾问。

对团队:务实的空投设计清单

准备空投?以下清单帮助你规划设计。

  1. 明确目标:你想实现什么?奖励真实使用、去中心化治理、种子流动性还是资助建设者?把核心目标写清,并将目标行为具体化。
  2. 设定与产品匹配的资格:设计奖励粘性、高质量用户的标准。权重应倾向于与留存相关的行为(如时间加权余额、持续交易),而非单纯交易额,并考虑对大户设上上限。参考 Nansen 等平台上公开的空投复盘案例。
  3. 构建 Sybil 抵抗:不要只依赖单一手段。结合链上启发式(钱包年龄、活动多样性)与聚类分析。可借鉴 LayerZero 的社区自报模型。
  4. 交付稳健的领取路径:使用经过实战检验的 Merkle Distributor 合约。公开完整数据集与 Merkle 树,让任何人都能自行验证根哈希与自身资格。保持领取 UI 简洁、审计通过,并对流量峰值进行限速,以免压垮 RPC 节点。
  5. 透明发布计划:公开代币总供应、各类受众(社区、团队、投资者)的配额以及后续释放节点。公开仪表盘提升信任,促进健康的市场动态。
  6. 治理、合规与税务:确保代币的链上功能(投票、手续费分配、质押)与长期路线图一致。寻求法律顾问审查地域限制与披露义务。正如 IRS 与 HMRC 的指引所示,细节决定合规成本。

快速术语表

  • 快照:用于确定空投资格的特定区块或时间点。
  • 领取(Merkle):一种省气、基于证明的方式,让合格用户从智能合约中提取代币。
  • Sybil:单一主体使用大量钱包进行分配游戏的情形。团队会使用过滤技术检测并剔除。
  • 积分:链上或链下累计的用户活跃度计数,通常在后期转换为代币,规则可能会变动。
  • 释放计划:描述非流通代币(如团队或投资者配额)何时进入市场的时间表。

构建者专栏:BlockEden 如何助力

空投的执行规模宏大。BlockEden 提供全套基础设施,帮助你安全、高效地完成空投。

  • 可靠快照:利用我们的高吞吐 RPC 与索引服务,对数百万地址和复杂条件进行快速合规性计算,支持所有链。
  • 领取基础设施:提供 Merkle 领取流程与低 gas 消耗分发合约的专业咨询与实现。
  • Sybil 运维:借助我们的数据管道运行启发式检测、聚类分析,并在最终分配前迭代排除名单。
  • 上线支持:我们的节点具备弹性扩容,保障在领取高峰期不出现节点崩溃。

常见问题

  • 空投需要多少 gas? 使用 Merkle 领取方式通常只需一次简短的 claim 交易,费用远低于逐个发送。
  • 快照会不会影响链上性能? 我们的离线索引层在链下完成快照计算,仅在必要时将结果写入链上,几乎不产生额外链上负担。
  • 如果出现安全漏洞怎么办? 我们的合约均经过多轮审计,并提供实时监控与应急响应服务。