Стейблкоины для финансовой доступности и соблюдения нормативных требований

15 апреля 2025 г. · 8 мин. чтения

Software Engineer

Введение

Стейблкоины – цифровые валюты, привязанные к стабильным активам, таким как фиатные деньги, – становятся инструментами для устранения пробелов в финансовой доступности. Сочетая стабильность традиционных денег с эффективностью блокчейна, стейблкоины обеспечивают низкозатратные, почти мгновенные транзакции, не требуя полного доступа к банкам. Это особенно важно для 1,4 миллиарда взрослых по всему миру, не имеющих банковских счетов, которым не хватает базовых финансовых услуг. Важно отметить, что многие приложения стейблкоинов могут работать в рамках существующих финансовых правил, что упрощает их внедрение в реальном мире. Разработчики по всему миру изучают варианты использования – от трансграничных денежных переводов до цифровых сбережений – которые соответствуют законам, одновременно обслуживая недостаточно обеспеченные слои населения. Следующий отчет содержит глубокий анализ таких вариантов использования, освещает юрисдикции с четкими нормативно-правовыми базами, демонстрирует успешные пилотные программы и исследует инструменты разработки (SDK/API) и блокчейн-платформы, подходящие для инклюзивных решений на основе стейблкоинов. Мы также выявляем партнерства и грантовые программы, поддерживающие инновации в этой области.

Юридически соответствующие варианты использования стейблкоинов

Некоторые варианты использования стейблкоинов обладают как высоким потенциалом воздействия на сообщества, не имеющие банковских счетов, так и относительно простыми путями соблюдения нормативных требований. Ключевые примеры включают трансграничные денежные переводы, распределение гуманитарной помощи и цифровые сбережения/финансовые услуги. Каждый из них может быть структурирован таким образом, чтобы соответствовать существующим нормативным актам (например, законам о борьбе с отмыванием денег, законам о денежных переводах), одновременно предоставляя основные услуги в недостаточно обслуживаемых регионах. Ниже мы подробно описываем эти варианты использования и объясняем, почему они привлекательны для разработчиков, ориентированных на регулируемые, высокоэффективные финтех-решения.

Денежные переводы и трансграничные платежи

Денежные переводы – деньги, отправляемые мигрантами семьям на родину, – сопряжены с высокими комиссиями и медленной скоростью в традиционных каналах (комиссии 5–7% и дни ожидания являются обычным явлением). Стейблкоины предлагают соответствующую нормативным требованиям альтернативу: регулируемые финтех-провайдеры могут обрабатывать KYC/AML и конвертировать наличные в цифровые доллары, которые затем перемещаются через границы за секунды с минимальными затратами. Исследования показывают, что денежные переводы с использованием стейблкоинов могут сократить расходы до 80%, сэкономив миллиарды для семей с низким доходом. Например, в коридоре Великобритания–Нигерия переводы на основе стейблкоинов сократили средние комиссии с 8,5% до ~3%, при этом сохраняя соответствие нормативным требованиям (проверка пользователей и соблюдение правил AML). Крупные компании по денежным переводам активно используют это: партнерство MoneyGram со Stellar позволяет пользователям конвертировать наличные в USDC (USD Coin) и обратно без банковского счета, используя лицензированную сеть MoneyGram для обработки наличных. Эта услуга рассчитывается почти мгновенно и соответствует правилам денежных переводов, работая в рамках нормативно-правовой базы MoneyGram. Воздействие значительно – более быстрые и дешевые денежные переводы напрямую увеличивают располагаемый доход для недостаточно обслуживаемых домохозяйств и стимулируют переход от дорогостоящих неформальных каналов к более безопасным и прозрачным.

Гуманитарная помощь и денежная поддержка

Стейблкоины набирают популярность для распределения гуманитарной помощи, где НПО и агентства должны доставлять средства людям в кризисных зонах или регионах с недостаточным банковским обслуживанием. Традиционная помощь часто полагается на наличные или сети хавала, что приводит к утечкам, задержкам и проблемам с надзором. Стейблкоины могут оцифровать помощь с полной прозрачностью и скоростью, оставаясь при этом в рамках правовых исключений для гуманитарных целей. Например, во время пандемии COVID-19 сотрудники гуманитарных организаций и НПО использовали стейблкоины, такие как USDC, для отправки экстренных средств по всему миру, сэкономив ~35% на комиссиях по сравнению с банковскими переводами. В 2022 году Агентство ООН по делам беженцев (УВКБ ООН) провело пилотный проект по отправке помощи украинским беженцам через USDC в сети Stellar с использованием кошелька Vibrant, предоставив «образец» для более быстрой и подотчетной помощи. Получатели получали цифровые доллары, которые могли быть обналичены по мере необходимости, гарантируя, что средства быстро дойдут до нужных людей. Казначей УВКБ ООН отметил, что этот метод «гарантирует, что деньги идут именно туда, куда они должны идти… и [что] им нужны деньги прямо сейчас». Соблюдение нормативных требований обеспечивается путем регистрации получателей и мониторинга выплат, аналогично традиционной денежной помощи, но с гораздо большим контролем. Недавние пилотные проекты НПО, таких как Mercy Corps в зонах конфликтов, демонстрируют до 62% более быструю доставку помощи с экономией затрат 10,8%, охватывая больше бенефициаров за счет оптимизации соблюдения нормативных требований и сокращения посредников. Эти примеры показывают, что при надлежащем надзоре и KYC для конечных получателей помощь с использованием стейблкоинов может работать в рамках существующих правовых рамок (например, гуманитарных исключений для стран, находящихся под санкциями), значительно повышая эффективность и прозрачность.

Цифровые сбережения и финансовые услуги

Для населения, не имеющего банковских счетов или недостаточно обслуживаемого банками, стейблкоины могут предоставить безопасный вариант цифровых сбережений и доступ к базовым финансовым услугам. Во многих развивающихся странах люди сталкиваются с волатильностью местных валют или отсутствием доступа к банкам; хранение денег в стейблкоине, привязанном к доллару США, может защитить стоимость и обеспечить транзакции. Важно отметить, что физические лица, использующие некастодиальные кошельки для стейблкоинов, как правило, не нарушают правила – хранение или трата стейблкоинов является законным в большинстве юрисдикций, подобно хранению иностранной валюты или цифрового ваучера. Финтех-приложения, которые хранят стейблкоины для пользователей, могут нуждаться в лицензиях на электронные деньги или денежные услуги, но некоторые юрисдикции теперь предлагают ясность в этом вопросе (как обсуждается в следующем разделе). Потенциал воздействия высок: стейблкоины действуют как «цифровые доллары», которые защищают сбережения от инфляции и обеспечивают повседневные транзакции для тех, у кого нет банковских счетов. Согласно исследованию UBS, потребители в странах с высокой инфляцией принимают стейблкоины как «надежную и прозрачную альтернативу… используемую для всего, от сбережений до транзакций», в основном из-за более низкого риска конфискации или девальвации правительством. В Аргентине, например, граждане обратились к стейблкоинам, привязанным к доллару США, таким как USDC и DAI, для сохранения богатства на фоне инфляции, работая в рамках существующих валютных правил, используя регулируемые криптобиржи или P2P-переводы. Разработчики создали цифровые кошельки с функциями сбережений в стейблкоинах, которые соответствуют KYC/AML путем интеграции сторонних API для соблюдения нормативных требований. Например, латиноамериканский кошелек Airtm (зарегистрированный MSB в США) хранит средства клиентов в USDC и позволяет пользователям беспрепятственно обменивать их на местную валюту по мере необходимости. Этот вид инструмента цифровых сбережений, предоставляемый через приложение для смартфона, может дать возможность пользователям, не имеющим банковских счетов, хранить, отправлять и получать деньги по всему миру. Разрабатывая приложения как некастодиальные или сотрудничая с лицензированными кастодианами, разработчики могут ориентироваться в нормативных актах, предоставляя пользователям, не имеющим банковских счетов, стабильное средство сбережения и доступ к платежам.

Торговые платежи и местная коммерция

Еще один новый вариант использования – предоставление возможности недостаточно обслуживаемым торговцам и микропредприятиям принимать платежи через стейблкоины. Многие мелкие торговцы в экономиках, ориентированных на наличные, не могут легко получить доступ к сетям кредитных карт или цифровым платежам. Стейблкоины предлагают способ принимать цифровые платежи с низкими комиссиями, мгновенно зачисляемые на баланс, эквивалентный доллару США. На практике это может быть настроено в соответствии с требованиями путем использования лицензированных платежных процессоров или обменных платформ в качестве посредников для ввода/вывода наличных. Например, финтех-провайдеры в Юго-Восточной Азии интегрировали платежи стейблкоинами для торговцев, использующих регулируемые он/офф-рампы – клиенты платят в стейблкоинах, а торговцы могут немедленно конвертировать их в местную валюту через биржу, которая соблюдает местные правила. Крупные платежные процессоры также движутся в этом направлении: Shopify теперь позволяет торговцам принимать стейблкоины для онлайн-продаж, используя партнерские услуги, которые обрабатывают соблюдение нормативных требований и конвертацию. Воздействие на торговцев, не имеющих банковских счетов, многообещающе: они могут получить доступ к электронной коммерции и цифровым продажам без традиционных банковских торговых счетов, расширяя свою клиентскую базу. В повседневной розничной торговле приложения для оплаты стейблкоинами (часто использующие QR-коды на мобильных устройствах) были опробованы на рынках, таких как Кения и Нигерия, позволяя клиентам платить продавцу, например, в USDC или стейблкоине местной валюты. Поскольку транзакции находятся в блокчейне, записи прозрачны, что может помочь с налоговым и юридическим соответствием. Многие такие решения находятся на ранних стадиях, но поскольку платежи стейблкоинами обеспечивают более низкие комиссии, чем карты (часто всего несколько центов), и отсутствие чарджбэков, они решают болевую точку для мелких продавцов. Регуляторы обычно относятся к услугам стейблкоинов, ориентированным на торговцев, так же, как к любой услуге цифровых платежей, требуя регистрации или лицензирования поставщика услуг, но не обременяя конечного пользователя. Это означает, что разработчики могут создавать платформы для торговых платежей, которые подключаются к существующим лицензированным биржам или платежным шлюзам для обработки регуляторных аспектов, в то время как пользовательский опыт остается простым приложением-кошельком для торговца. Потенциал для увеличения финансовой доступности за счет вовлечения предприятий, работающих только с наличными, в цифровую экономику значителен, и все это с использованием стейблкоинов в рамках соблюдения нормативных требований.

Краткое описание ключевых вариантов использования, простоты регулирования и воздействия: В таблице ниже показано, как эти варианты использования ранжируются по простоте соблюдения нормативных требований и их потенциальному воздействию на недостаточно обслуживаемые слои населения:

| Вариант использования стейблкоинов | Простота соблюдения нормативных требований | Потенциал воздействия (не имеющие банковских счетов) | 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API Marketplace Featured

Введение​

Юридически соответствующие варианты использования стейблкоинов​

Денежные переводы и трансграничные платежи​

Гуманитарная помощь и денежная поддержка​

Цифровые сбережения и финансовые услуги​

Торговые платежи и местная коммерция​