45 posts tagged with "Web3"

The concept of transitioning from today's dominant "Magnificent 7" tech giants to a new generation of digital asset leaders represents one of the most significant investment theses in modern finance. While the specific "MAG7 to DAG7" terminology does not appear in publicly available materials, Alex Tapscott—Managing Director of Ninepoint Partners' Digital Asset Group and blockchain thought leader—has extensively articulated a vision for how Web3 technologies will force "leaders of the old paradigm to make way for the Web3 champions of tomorrow." This transition from centralized platform monopolies to decentralized protocol economies defines the next era of market dominance.

Understanding the MAG7 era and its limitations​

The Magnificent 7 consists of Apple, Microsoft, Google/Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, Nvidia, and Tesla—tech behemoths that collectively represent over $10 trillion in market capitalization and have dominated equity markets for the past decade. These companies epitomize the Web2 era's "read-write web," where users generate content but platforms extract value.

Tapscott identifies fundamental problems with this model that create opportunity for disruption. Web2 giants became "gatekeepers, enacting barriers and imposing tolls on everything we do," transforming users into products through surveillance capitalism. 45% of financial intermediaries suffer economic crime annually compared to 37% economy-wide, while regulatory costs continue climbing and billions remain excluded from the financial system. The MAG7 captured value through centralization, network effects that locked in users, and business models based on data extraction rather than value distribution.

What tomorrow's champions look like according to Tapscott​

Tapscott's investment framework centers on the transition from Web2's "read-write" model to Web3's "read-write-own" paradigm. This isn't merely technological evolution—it represents a fundamental restructuring of how value accrues in digital ecosystems. As he stated when launching Ninepoint's Web3 Innovators Fund in May 2023: "There will be winners and losers as leaders of the old paradigm are forced to make way for the Web3 champions of tomorrow."

The defining characteristic of future champions is ownership distribution rather than ownership concentration. "Web3 turns internet users into internet owners—they can earn ownership stakes in products and services by holding tokens," Tapscott explains. This extends Silicon Valley's practice of sharing equity with employees globally to anyone using Web3 applications. The next generation of dominant companies will paradoxically capture more value by giving ownership to users, creating network effects through aligned incentives rather than platform lock-in.

The four pillars of next-generation dominance​

Tapscott identifies four core principles that define tomorrow's champions, each representing a direct inversion of Web2's extractive model:

Ownership: Digital assets serve as containers for value, enabling property rights in the digital realm. Early Compound and Uniswap users received governance tokens for participation, transforming users into stakeholders. Future leaders will enable users to monetize their contributions rather than platforms monetizing user data.

Commerce: A new economic layer enabling peer-to-peer value transfer without intermediaries. DeFi protocols disintermediate traditional finance while tokenization brings real-world assets on-chain. Winners will remove middlemen and reduce friction rather than inserting themselves as essential intermediaries.

Identity: Self-sovereign identity returns data control to individuals, breaking free from platform lock-in. Privacy-preserving authentication replaces surveillance-based models. Champions will solve identity problems without centralized control.

Governance: Decentralized autonomous organizations distribute decision-making power through token-based voting, aligning stakeholder interests. Future winners won't maximize shareholder value at user expense—they'll align all stakeholder incentives through tokenomics.

Tapscott's investment framework for identifying champions​

The nine digital asset categories​

Tapscott's taxonomy from "Digital Asset Revolution" provides a comprehensive map of where value will accrue:

Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin serve as digital gold and base settlement layers. Bitcoin's $1+ trillion market cap and "unrivalled" role as "mother of all cryptocurrencies" makes it foundational infrastructure.

Protocol tokens (Ethereum, Solana, Cosmos, Avalanche) represent the "fat protocols" that capture value from application layers. Tapscott emphasizes these as primary infrastructure investments, noting Ethereum's role powering DeFi and NFTs while alternatives like Solana offer "perfect crypto project" scalability.

Governance tokens (Uniswap, Aave, Compound, Yearn Finance) enable community ownership of protocols. Uniswap, which Tapscott calls "one of the best" DAOs, frequently exceeds Coinbase's volume while distributing governance to users—demonstrating the power of decentralized coordination.

Stablecoins represent potentially the most significant near-term disruption. With $130+ billion in USDT and growing markets for USDC and PYUSD, stablecoins transform payment infrastructure. Tapscott views them as SWIFT replacements enabling financial inclusion globally—particularly critical in crisis economies experiencing hyperinflation.

NFTs and gaming assets enable creator economics and digital ownership. Beyond speculation, creators earned $1.8+ billion in royalties on Ethereum while 300+ projects generated $1 million+ each—demonstrating real utility in directly connecting creators with consumers.

Securities tokens, natural asset tokens (carbon credits), exchange tokens, and CBDCs round out the taxonomy, each representing digitization of traditional value storage.

The three-category investment approach​

Tapscott structures portfolio construction around three complementary exposure types through Ninepoint's strategy:

Platform exposure: Direct investment in smart contract platforms and protocols—the foundational infrastructure layer. This includes Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, Cosmos, and Avalanche, which serve as the rails enabling all other applications.

Pure-play Web3 businesses: Companies staking their entire existence on blockchain technology. Examples include Circle (USDC stablecoin issuer planning public offering), Animoca Brands (building infrastructure for 700+ million users), and DeFi protocols like Uniswap and Aave.

Beneficiaries and adopters: Traditional enterprises integrating Web3 to transform their business models. PayPal's PYUSD stablecoin launch represents "a big leap forward" that "probably won't be the last," while companies like Nike and Microsoft lead enterprise adoption. These bridge TradFi and DeFi, bringing institutional legitimacy.

Specific companies and sectors Tapscott highlights​

Layer 1 protocols as foundational bets​

CMCC Global's early investments reveal Tapscott's conviction in infrastructure dominance. Solana at $0.20 and Cosmos at $0.10 represent concentrated bets on specific technological approaches—Solana's blazing speed and minimal fees versus Cosmos's "internet of blockchains" enabling interoperability through IBC protocol.

Ethereum remains foundational as the dominant smart contract platform with unmatched developer ecosystems and network effects. Avalanche joins the portfolio for its tokenized real-world asset focus. The multi-chain thesis recognizes that smart contract platforms must interoperate seamlessly for DeFi and Web3 to reach full potential, rejecting winner-take-all dynamics.

DeFi as accelerant to financial revolution​

"If Bitcoin was the spark for the financial services revolution, then DeFi and digital assets are the accelerant," Tapscott explains. He identifies nine functions DeFi will transform: storing value, moving value, lending value, funding and investing, exchanging value, insuring value, analyzing value, accounting/auditing, and identity authentication.

Uniswap exemplifies the power of decentralized coordination, frequently exceeding centralized exchange volumes while distributing governance to token holders. Its $11 billion market cap demonstrates value capture by protocols that eliminate intermediaries.

Aave and Compound pioneered decentralized lending with flash loans and algorithmic interest rates, removing banks from capital allocation. Yearn Finance aggregates yield across protocols, demonstrating how DeFi protocols compose like Lego blocks.

Osmosis in the Cosmos ecosystem innovated superfluid staking and reached $15+ billion TVL, showing non-EVM chains' viability. The total DeFi ecosystem's $75+ billion TVL and growing demonstrates this isn't speculation—it's infrastructure replacing traditional finance.

Consumer applications and mass adoption wave​

Animoca Brands represents CMCC Global's largest investment to date—a $42 million commitment across multiple rounds signaling conviction that consumer-facing applications drive the next wave. With 450+ portfolio companies and 700+ million addressable users, Animoca's ecosystem (The Sandbox, Axie Infinity, Mocaverse) creates infrastructure for Web3 gaming and digital ownership.

Gaming serves as Web3's killer application because ownership mechanics naturally align with gameplay. Players earning income through play-to-earn models, true asset ownership enabling cross-game interoperability, and creator economies where developers capture value directly—these represent genuine utility beyond financial speculation.

Payment infrastructure transformation​

Circle's USDC stablecoin with $20 billion supply represents "essential infrastructure" as an "innovative financial technology firm" planning public offering. PayPal's PYUSD launch marked traditional finance's embrace of blockchain rails, with Tapscott noting this represents probably not "the last company" to adopt crypto payments.

Stablecoins projected to reach $200 billion markets solve real problems: cross-border payments without SWIFT delays, dollar access for unbanked populations, and programmable money enabling smart contract automation. Venezuela's LocalBitcoins volume surge during hyperinflation demonstrates why "bitcoin matters"—providing financial access when traditional systems fail.

Comparing MAG7 dominance with Web3 champion characteristics​

The fundamental difference between eras lies in value capture mechanisms and stakeholder alignment:

Web2 (MAG7) characteristics: Centralized platforms treating users as products, winner-take-all economics through network effects and lock-in, gatekeepers controlling access and extracting rents, platforms capturing all value while contributors receive fixed compensation, surveillance capitalism monetizing user data.

Web3 (tomorrow's champions) characteristics: Decentralized protocols where users become owners through token holdings, multi-polar ecosystems with interoperable protocols, permissionless innovation without gatekeepers, community value capture through token appreciation, ownership economy where contributors participate in upside.

The shift represents moving from companies that maximize shareholder value at user expense to protocols that align all stakeholder incentives. Tomorrow's dominant "companies" will look less like companies and more like protocols with governance tokens—they won't be companies in the traditional sense but rather decentralized networks with distributed ownership.

As Tapscott articulates: "Over the next decade, this digital asset class will expand exponentially, engulfing traditional financial instruments like stocks, bonds, land titles and fiat currency." The tokenization of everything means ownership stakes in protocols could eclipse traditional equities in importance.

Methodologies and frameworks for evaluation​

Technological differentiation as primary filter​

Tapscott emphasizes that "value will be captured through finding early stage investment opportunities with technological differentiation" rather than market timing or narrative-driven investing. This requires rigorous technical assessment: evaluating codebases and architecture, consensus mechanisms and security models, tokenomics design and incentive alignment, interoperability capabilities and composability.

The focus on infrastructure over applications in early stages reflects conviction that foundational protocols accrue disproportionate value. "Fat protocols" capture value from all applications built atop them, unlike Web2 where applications captured value while protocols remained commodities.

Network effects and developer ecosystems​

Leading indicators for future dominance include developer activity (commits, documentation quality, hackathon participation), active addresses and transaction volumes, total value locked in DeFi protocols, governance participation rates, and cross-chain integrations.

Developer ecosystems particularly matter because they create compounding advantages. Ethereum's massive developer base creates network effects making it increasingly difficult to displace despite technical limitations, while emerging platforms compete through superior technology or specific use case optimization.

Bear market building philosophy​

"Bear markets provide the opportunity for the industry to focus on building," Tapscott emphasizes. "Crypto winters are always the best time to drill down on these core concepts, do the work and build for the future." The last bear market brought NFTs, DeFi protocols, stablecoins, and play-to-earn gaming—innovations that defined the next bull cycle.

Investment strategy centers on multi-year holding periods focused on protocol development milestones rather than short-term volatility. "The most successful people in crypto are those who can keep calm and carry on," ignoring daily price gyrations to focus on fundamentals.

Portfolio construction emphasizes concentration—15-20 core positions with high conviction rather than broad diversification. Early-stage focus means accepting illiquidity in exchange for asymmetric upside, with CMCC Global's $0.20 Solana and $0.10 Cosmos investments demonstrating this approach's power.

Differentiating hype from real opportunity​

Tapscott employs rigorous frameworks to separate genuine innovation from speculation:

Problems blockchain solves: Does the protocol address real pain points (fraud, fees, delays, exclusion) rather than solutions seeking problems? Does it reduce friction and costs measurably? Does it expand access to underserved markets?

Adoption metrics over speculation: Focus on usage rather than price—transaction volumes, active wallets, developer commits, enterprise partnerships, regulatory clarity progress. "Look beyond the daily market gyrations, and you'll see that innovators are laying the foundations for a new Internet and financial services industry."

Historical context method: Comparing blockchain to early internet (1993) suggests technologies in infrastructure phase appear overhyped short-term but transformative long-term. "A decade from now, you'll wonder how society ever functioned without it, even though most of us barely know what it is today."

Regulatory navigation and institutional bridges​

Future champions will work with regulators rather than against them, building compliance into architecture from inception. Tapscott's approach through regulated entities (Ninepoint Partners, CMCC Global's Hong Kong SFC licenses) reflects lessons from NextBlock Global's regulatory challenges.

Professional investor focus and proper custody solutions (insured Bitcoin funds, State Street administration) bring institutional credibility. The convergence of TradFi and DeFi requires champions who can operate in both worlds—protocols sophisticated enough for institutions yet accessible for retail users.

Enterprise adoption indicators Tapscott highlights include 42+ major financial institutions exploring blockchain, consortiums like Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan's blockchain initiatives, tokenized treasury adoption, and Bitcoin ETF launches bringing regulated exposure.

The path forward: sectors defining tomorrow​

Tapscott identifies several mega-trends that will produce the next generation of trillion-dollar protocols:

Tokenization infrastructure enabling digitization of real estate, equities, commodities, carbon credits, and intellectual property. "This digital asset class will expand exponentially, engulfing traditional financial instruments" as friction disappears from capital formation and trading.

DeFi 2.0 combining best aspects of centralized finance (speed, user experience) with decentralization (self-custody, transparency). Examples like Rails building hybrid exchanges on Kraken's Ink L2 show this convergence accelerating.

Bitcoin as productive asset through innovations like Babylon protocol enabling staking, using BTC as DeFi collateral, and institutional treasury strategies. This evolution from pure store of value to yield-generating asset expands Bitcoin's utility.

Web3 identity and privacy through zero-knowledge proofs enabling verification without revelation, self-sovereign identity returning data control to individuals, and decentralized reputation systems replacing platform-dependent profiles.

Real-world asset tokenization represents perhaps the largest opportunity, with projections of $10+ trillion RWA markets by 2030. Protocols like OpenTrade building institutional-grade infrastructure demonstrate early infrastructure emerging.

The nine-function DeFi transformation​

Tapscott's framework for analyzing DeFi's disruption potential spans all financial services functions, with specific protocol examples demonstrating viability:

Storing value through non-custodial wallets (MakerDAO model) versus bank deposits. Moving value via cross-border stablecoins versus SWIFT networks. Lending value peer-to-peer (Aave, Compound) versus bank intermediation. Funding and investing through DeFi aggregators (Yearn, Rariable) disrupting robo-advisors. Exchanging value on DEXs (Uniswap, Osmosis) versus centralized exchanges.

Insuring value through decentralized insurance protocols versus traditional carriers. Analyzing value via on-chain analytics providing unprecedented transparency. Accounting/auditing through transparent ledgers providing real-time verification. Identity authentication through self-sovereign solutions versus centralized databases.

Each function represents trillion-dollar markets in traditional finance ripe for decentralized alternatives that eliminate intermediaries, reduce costs, increase transparency, and expand global access.

Key takeaways: identifying and investing in tomorrow's champions​

While Alex Tapscott has not publicly articulated a specific "DAG7" framework, his comprehensive investment thesis provides clear criteria for identifying next-generation market leaders:

Infrastructure dominance: Tomorrow's champions will be Layer 1 protocols and critical middleware enabling the Internet of Value—companies like Solana, Cosmos, and Ethereum building foundational rails.

Ownership economics: Winners will distribute value to stakeholders through tokens rather than extracting rents, creating aligned incentives between platforms and users that Web2 giants never achieved.

Real utility beyond speculation: Focus on protocols solving genuine problems with measurable metrics—transaction volumes, developer activity, TVL, active users—rather than narrative-driven speculation.

Interoperability and composability: Multi-chain future requires protocols that communicate seamlessly, with winners enabling cross-ecosystem value transfer and application composability.

Regulatory sophistication: Champions will navigate complex global regulatory environments through proactive engagement, building compliance into architecture while maintaining decentralization principles.

Patient capital with conviction: Early-stage infrastructure investments require multi-year time horizons and willingness to endure volatility for asymmetric returns, with concentration in highest-conviction opportunities.

The transition from MAG7 to tomorrow's champions represents more than sector rotation—it marks a fundamental restructuring of value capture in digital economies. Where centralized platforms once dominated through network effects and data extraction, decentralized protocols will accrue value by distributing ownership and aligning incentives. As Tapscott concludes: "The blockchain will create winners and losers. While opportunities abound, the risks of disruption and dislocation must not be ignored." The question isn't whether this transition occurs, but which protocols emerge as the defining infrastructure of the ownership economy.

Alchemy is a dominant force in the Web3 infrastructure space, serving as the entry point for thousands of developers and major projects like OpenSea. By analyzing public user feedback from platforms like G2, Reddit, and GitHub, we can gain a clear picture of what developers value, where they struggle, and what the future of Web3 development experience could look like. This isn't just about one provider; it's a reflection of the entire ecosystem's maturing needs.

What Users Consistently Like​

Across review sites and forums, users consistently praise Alchemy for several key strengths that have cemented its market position.

• Effortless "On-ramp" & Ease of Use: Beginners and small teams celebrate how quickly they can get started. G2 reviews frequently highlight it as a "great platform to build Web3," praising its easy configuration and comprehensive documentation. It successfully abstracts away the complexity of running a node.
• Centralized Dashboard & Tooling: Developers value having a single "command center" for observability. The ability to monitor request logs, view analytics, set up alerts, and rotate API keys in one dashboard is a significant user experience win.
• Intelligent SDK Defaults: The Alchemy SDK handles request retries and exponential backoff by default. This small but crucial feature saves developers from writing boilerplate logic and lowers the friction of building resilient applications.
• Reputation for Strong Support: In the often-complex world of blockchain development, responsive support is a major differentiator. Aggregate review sites like TrustRadius frequently cite Alchemy's helpful support team as a key benefit.
• Social Proof and Trust: By showcasing case studies with giants like OpenSea and securing strong partner endorsements, Alchemy provides reassurance to teams who are choosing a managed RPC provider.

The Main Pain Points​

Despite the positives, developers run into recurring challenges, especially as their applications begin to scale. These pain points reveal critical opportunities for improvement.

• The "Invisible Wall" of Throughput Limits: The most common frustration is hitting 429 Too Many Requests errors. Developers encounter these when forking mainnet for testing, deploying in bursts, or serving a handful of simultaneous users. This creates confusion, especially on paid tiers, as users feel throttled during critical spikes. The impact is broken CI/CD pipelines and flaky tests, forcing developers to manually implement sleep commands or backoff logic.
• Perception of Low Concurrency: On forums like Reddit, a common anecdote is that lower-tier plans can only handle a few concurrent users before rate limiting kicks in. Whether this is strictly accurate or workload-dependent, the perception drives teams to consider more complex multi-provider setups or upgrade sooner than expected.
• Timeouts on Heavy Queries: Intensive JSON-RPC calls, particularly eth_getLogs, can lead to timeouts or 500 errors. This not only disrupts the client-side experience but can crash local development tools like Foundry and Anvil, leading to lost productivity.
• SDK and Provider Confusion: Newcomers often face a learning curve regarding the scope of a node provider. For instance, questions on Stack Overflow show confusion when eth_sendTransaction fails, not realizing that providers like Alchemy don't hold private keys. Opaque errors from misconfigured API keys or URLs also present a hurdle for those new to the ecosystem.
• Data Privacy and Centralization Concerns: A vocal subset of developers expresses a preference for self-hosted or privacy-focused RPCs. They cite concerns about large, centralized providers logging IP addresses and potentially censoring transactions, highlighting that trust and transparency are paramount.
• Product Breadth and Roadmap: Comparative reviews on G2 sometimes suggest that competitors are expanding faster into new ecosystems or that Alchemy is "busy focused on a couple chains." This can create an expectation mismatch for teams building on non-EVM chains.

Where Developer Expectations Break​

These pain points often surface at predictable moments in the development lifecycle:

1. Prototype to Testnet: A project that works perfectly on a developer's machine suddenly fails in a CI/CD environment when tests run in parallel, hitting throughput limits.
2. Local Forking: Developers using Hardhat or Foundry to fork mainnet for realistic testing are often the first to report 429 errors and timeouts from mass data queries.
3. NFT/Data APIs at Scale: Minting events or loading data for large NFT collections can easily overwhelm default rate limits, forcing developers to search for best practices on caching and batching.

Uncovering the Core "Jobs-to-be-Done"​

Distilling this feedback reveals three fundamental needs of Web3 developers:

• "Give me a single pane of glass to observe and debug." This job is well-served by Alchemy's dashboard.
• "Make my bursty workloads predictable and manageable." Developers accept limits but need smoother handling of spikes, better defaults, and code-level scaffolds that work out-of-the-box.
• "Help me stay unblocked during incidents." When things go wrong, developers need clear status updates, actionable post-mortems, and easy-to-implement failover patterns.

Actionable Opportunities for a Better DX​

Based on this analysis, any infrastructure provider could enhance its offering by tackling these opportunities:

• Proactive "Throughput Coach": An in-dashboard or CLI tool that simulates a planned workload, predicts when CU/s (Compute Units per second) limits might be hit, and auto-generates correctly configured retry/backoff snippets for popular libraries like ethers.js, viem, Hardhat, and Foundry.
• Golden-Path Templates: Provide ready-made, production-grade templates for common pain points, such as a Hardhat network config for forking mainnet with conservative concurrency, or sample code for efficiently batching eth_getLogs calls with pagination.
• Adaptive Burst Capacity: Offer "burst credits" or an elastic capacity model on paid tiers to better handle short-term spikes in traffic. This would directly address the feeling of being unnecessarily constrained.
• Official Multi-Provider Failover Guides: Acknowledge that resilient dApps use multiple RPCs. Providing opinionated recipes and sample code for failing over to a backup provider would build trust and align with real-world best practices.
• Radical Transparency: Directly address privacy and censorship concerns with clear, accessible documentation on data retention policies, what is logged, and any filtering that occurs.
• Actionable Incident Reports: Go beyond a simple status page. When an incident occurs (like the EU region latency on Aug 5-6, 2025), pair it with a short Root Cause Analysis (RCA) and concrete advice, such as "what you can do now to mitigate."

Conclusion: A Roadmap for Web3 Infrastructure​

The user feedback on Alchemy provides a valuable roadmap for the entire Web3 infrastructure space. While the platform excels at simplifying the onboarding experience, the challenges users face with scaling, predictability, and transparency point to the next frontier of developer experience.

As the industry matures, the winning platforms will be those that not only provide reliable access but also empower developers with the tools and guidance to build resilient, scalable, and trustworthy applications from day one.

QuickNode stands as a pillar in the Web3 infrastructure landscape, praised for its speed and extensive multi-chain support. To understand what makes it a go-to choice for so many developers—and where the experience can be improved—we synthesized a wide range of public user feedback from platforms like G2, Reddit, Product Hunt, and Trustpilot.

This analysis reveals a clear story: while developers love the core product, the user journey is not without its hurdles, particularly when it comes to cost.

The Highs: What Users Love About QuickNode​

Across the board, users celebrate QuickNode for delivering a premium, frictionless developer experience built on three core strengths.

🚀 Blazing-Fast Performance & Rock-Solid Reliability​

This is QuickNode's most lauded feature. Users consistently describe the service as "blazing fast" and "the most performant and reliable RPC provider out there." Low-latency responses, often under 100ms, and a claimed 99.99% uptime give developers the confidence to build and scale responsive dApps.

As one enterprise client from Nansen noted, QuickNode provides “robust, low-latency, high-performance nodes” capable of handling billions of requests. This performance isn't just a number; it's a critical feature that ensures a smooth end-user experience.

✅ Effortless Onboarding & Intuitive UI​

Developers are often "up and running within minutes." The platform is frequently praised for its clean dashboard and intuitive workflows that abstract away the complexities of running a node.

One developer on Reddit called the interface a "no-brainer," while a full-stack dev highlighted that “signing up and provisioning a node takes minutes without any complex DevOps work.” This ease of use makes QuickNode an invaluable tool for rapid prototyping and testing.

🤝 Top-Tier Customer Support & Documentation​

Exceptional support and documentation are consistent themes. The support team is described as “quick to respond and genuinely helpful,” a crucial asset when troubleshooting time-sensitive issues.

The API documentation receives universal praise for being clear, thorough, and beginner-friendly, with one user calling the tutorials "well-crafted." This investment in developer resources significantly lowers the barrier to entry and reduces integration friction.

The Hurdles: Where Users Face Challenges​

Despite the stellar performance and user experience, two key areas of friction emerge from user feedback, primarily centered around cost and feature limitations.

💸 The Pricing Predicament​

Pricing is, by far, the most common and emotionally charged point of criticism. The feedback reveals a tale of two user bases:

• For Enterprises, the cost is often seen as a fair trade for premium performance and reliability.
• For Startups and Indie Developers, the model can be prohibitive.

The core issues are:

1. Steep Jumps Between Tiers: Users note a “significant jump from the $49 ‘Build’ plan to the $249 ‘Accelerate’ plan,” wishing for an intermediate tier that better supports growing projects.
2. Punitive Overage Fees: This is the most significant pain point. QuickNode’s policy of automatically charging for another full block of requests after exceeding a quota—with no option to cap usage—is a source of major frustration. One user described how an "inadvertent excess of just 1 million requests can incur an additional $50." This unpredictability led a long-time customer on Trustpilot to call the service “the biggest scam…stay away” after accumulating high fees.

As one G2 reviewer summarized perfectly, “the pricing structure could be more startup-friendly.”

🧩 Niche Feature Gaps​

While QuickNode's feature set is robust, advanced users have pointed out a few gaps. Common requests include:

• Broader Protocol Support: Users have expressed a desire for chains like Bitcoin and newer L2s like Starknet.
• More Powerful Tooling: Some developers contrasted QuickNode with competitors, noting it had "missing features like more powerful webhook support."
• Modern Authentication: A long-term user wished for OAuth support for better API key management in enterprise environments.

These gaps don't detract from the core offering for most users, but they highlight areas where competitors may have an edge for specific use cases.

Key Takeaways for the Web3 Infra Space​

The feedback on QuickNode offers valuable lessons for any company building tools for developers.

• Performance is Table Stakes: Speed and reliability are the foundation. Without them, nothing else matters. QuickNode sets a high bar here.
• Developer Experience is the Differentiator: A clean UI, fast onboarding, excellent docs, and responsive support build a loyal following and create a product that developers genuinely enjoy using.
• Pricing Predictability Builds Trust: This is the most critical lesson. Ambiguous or punitive pricing models, especially those with uncapped overages, create anxiety and destroy trust. A developer who gets a surprise bill is unlikely to remain a long-term, happy customer. Predictable, transparent, and startup-friendly pricing is a massive competitive advantage.

Conclusion​

QuickNode has rightfully earned its reputation as a top-tier infrastructure provider. It delivers on its promise of high performance, exceptional reliability, and a stellar developer experience. However, its pricing model creates significant friction, particularly for the startups and independent developers who are the lifeblood of Web3 innovation.

This user feedback serves as a powerful reminder that building a successful platform isn't just about technical excellence; it's about aligning your business model with the needs and trust of your users. The infrastructure provider that can match QuickNode's performance while offering a more transparent and predictable pricing structure will be incredibly well-positioned for the future.

Here's a consolidated summary of the report on Web3 Developer Experience (DevEx) innovations.

Executive Summary​

The Web3 developer experience has significantly advanced in 2024-2025, driven by innovations in programming languages, toolchains, and deployment infrastructure. Developers are reporting higher productivity and satisfaction due to faster tools, safer languages, and streamlined workflows. This summary consolidates findings on five key toolchains (Solidity, Move, Sway, Foundry, and Cairo 1.0) and two major trends: “one-click” rollup deployment and smart contract hot-reloading.

Comparison of Web3 Developer Toolchains​

Each toolchain offers distinct advantages, catering to different ecosystems and development philosophies.

• Solidity (EVM): Remains the most dominant language due to its massive ecosystem, extensive libraries (e.g., OpenZeppelin), and mature frameworks like Hardhat and Foundry. While it lacks native features like macros, its widespread adoption and strong community support make it the default choice for Ethereum and most EVM-compatible L2s.
• Move (Aptos/Sui): Prioritizes safety and formal verification. Its resource-based model and the Move Prover tool help prevent common bugs like reentrancy by design. This makes it ideal for high-security financial applications, though its ecosystem is smaller and centered on the Aptos and Sui blockchains.
• Sway (FuelVM): Designed for maximum developer productivity by allowing developers to write contracts, scripts, and tests in a single Rust-like language. It leverages the high-throughput, UTXO-based architecture of the Fuel Virtual Machine, making it a powerful choice for performance-intensive applications on the Fuel network.
• Foundry (EVM Toolkit): A transformative toolkit for Solidity that has revolutionized EVM development. It offers extremely fast compilation and testing, allowing developers to write tests directly in Solidity. Features like fuzz testing, mainnet forking, and "cheatcodes" have made it the primary choice for over half of Ethereum developers.
• Cairo 1.0 (Starknet): Represents a major DevEx improvement for the Starknet ecosystem. The transition to a high-level, Rust-inspired syntax and modern tooling (like the Scarb package manager and Starknet Foundry) has made developing for ZK-rollups significantly faster and more intuitive. While some tools like debuggers are still maturing, developer satisfaction has soared.

Key DevEx Innovations​

Two major trends are changing how developers build and deploy decentralized applications.

"One-Click" Rollup Deployment​

Launching a custom blockchain (L2/appchain) has become radically simpler.

• Foundation: Frameworks like Optimism’s OP Stack provide a modular, open-source blueprint for building rollups.
• Platforms: Services like Caldera and Conduit have created Rollup-as-a-Service (RaaS) platforms. They offer web dashboards that allow developers to deploy a customized mainnet or testnet rollup in minutes, with minimal blockchain engineering expertise.
• Impact: This enables rapid experimentation, lowers the barrier to creating app-specific chains, and simplifies DevOps, allowing teams to focus on their application instead of infrastructure.

Hot-Reloading for Smart Contracts​

This innovation brings the instant feedback loop of modern web development to the blockchain space.

• Concept: Tools like Scaffold-ETH 2 automate the development cycle. When a developer saves a change to a smart contract, the tool automatically recompiles, redeploys to a local network, and updates the front-end to reflect the new logic.
• Impact: Hot-reloading eliminates repetitive manual steps and dramatically shortens the iteration loop. This makes the development process more engaging, lowers the learning curve for new developers, and encourages frequent testing, leading to higher-quality code.

Conclusion​

The Web3 development landscape is maturing at a rapid pace. The convergence of safer languages, faster tooling like Foundry, and simplified infrastructure deployment via RaaS platforms is closing the gap between blockchain and traditional software development. These DevEx improvements are as critical as protocol-level innovations, as they empower developers to build more complex and secure applications faster. This, in turn, fuels the growth and adoption of the entire blockchain ecosystem.

Sources:

• Solidity Developer Survey 2024 – Soliditylang (2025)
• Moncayo Labs on Aptos Move vs Solidity (2024)
• Aptos Move Prover intro – Monethic (2025)
• Fuel Labs – Fuel & Sway Documentation (2024); Fuel Book (2024)
• Spearmanrigoberto – Foundry vs Hardhat (2023)
• Medium (Rosario Borgesi) – Building Dapps with Scaffold-ETH 2 (2024)
• Starknet/Cairo developer survey – Cairo-lang.org (2024)
• Starknet Dev Updates – Starknet.io (2024–2025)
• Solidity forum – Macro preprocessor discussion (2023)
• Optimism OP Stack overview – CoinDesk (2025)
• Caldera rollup platform overview – Medium (2024)
• Conduit platform recap – Conduit Blog (2025)
• Blockchain DevEx literature review – arXiv (2025)

Introduction​

The rapid growth of Layer-1 and Layer-2 blockchains has fragmented the Web3 user experience. Users today juggle multiple wallets, networks, and token bridges just to accomplish complex tasks that span chains. Chain abstraction and intent-centric architecture have emerged as key paradigms to simplify this landscape. By abstracting away chain-specific details and allowing users to act on intents (desired outcomes) rather than crafting explicit per-chain transactions, these approaches promise a unified, seamless cross-chain experience. This report delves into the core principles of chain abstraction, the design of intent-focused execution models, real-world implementations (such as Wormhole and Etherspot), technical underpinnings (relayers, smart wallets, etc.), and the UX benefits for developers and end-users. We also summarize insights from EthCC 2025 – where chain abstraction and intents were hot topics – and provide a comparative table of different protocol approaches.

Principles of Chain Abstraction​

Chain abstraction refers to any technology or framework that presents multiple blockchains to users and developers as if they were a single unified environment. The motivation is to eliminate the friction caused by chain heterogeneity. In practice, chain abstraction means:

• Unified Interfaces: Instead of managing separate wallets and RPC endpoints for each blockchain, users interact through one interface that hides network details. Developers can build dApps without deploying separate contracts on every chain or writing custom bridge logic for each network.
• No Manual Bridging: Moving assets or data between chains happens behind the scenes. Users do not manually execute lock/mint bridge transactions or swap for bridge tokens; the abstraction layer handles it automatically. For example, a user could provide liquidity on a protocol regardless of which chain the liquidity resides on, and the system will route funds appropriately.
• Gas Fee Abstraction: Users no longer need to hold each chain’s native token to pay for gas on that chain. The abstraction layer can sponsor gas fees or allow gas to be paid in an asset of the user’s choice. This lowers the barrier for entry since one does not have to acquire ETH, MATIC, SOL, etc. separately.
• Network Agnostic Logic: The application logic becomes chain-agnostic. Smart contracts or off-chain services coordinate to execute user actions on whatever chain(s) necessary, without requiring the user to manually switch networks or sign multiple transactions. In essence, the user’s experience is of one “meta-chain” or a blockchain-agnostic application layer.

The core idea is to let users focus on what they want to achieve, not which chain or how to achieve it. A familiar analogy is web applications abstracting away server location – just as a user doesn’t need to know which server or database their request touches, a Web3 user shouldn’t need to know which chain or bridge is used for an action. By routing transactions through a unified layer, chain abstraction reduces the fragmentation of today’s multi-chain ecosystem.

Motivation: The push for chain abstraction stems from pain points in current cross-chain workflows. Managing separate wallets per chain and performing multi-step cross-chain operations (swap on Chain A, bridge to Chain B, swap again on Chain B, etc.) is tedious and error-prone. Fragmented liquidity and incompatible wallets also limit dApp growth across ecosystems. Chain abstraction tackles these by cohesively bridging ecosystems. Importantly, it treats Ethereum and its many L2s and sidechains as part of one user experience. EthCC 2025 emphasized that this is critical for mainstream adoption – speakers argued that a truly user-centric Web3 future “must abstract away blockchains”, making the multi-chain world feel as easy as a single network.

Intent-Centric Architecture: From Transactions to Intents​

Traditional blockchain interactions are transaction-centric: a user explicitly crafts and signs a transaction that executes specific operations (calls a contract function, transfers a token, etc.) on a chosen chain. In a multi-chain context, accomplishing a complex goal might require many such transactions across different networks, each manually initiated by the user in the correct sequence. Intent-centric architecture flips this model. Instead of micromanaging transactions, the user declares an intent – a high-level goal or desired outcome – and lets an automated system figure out the transactions needed to fulfill it.

Under an intent-based design, a user might say: “Swap 100 USDC on Base for 100 USDT on Arbitrum”. This intent encapsulates the what (swap one asset for another on a target chain) without prescribing the how. A specialized agent (often called a solver) then takes on the job of completing it. The solver will determine how to best execute the swap across chains – for example, it might bridge the USDC from Base to Arbitrum using a fast bridge and then perform a swap to USDT, or use a direct cross-chain swap protocol – whatever yields the best result. The user signs one authorization, and the solver handles the complex sequence on the backend, including finding the optimal route, submitting the necessary transactions on each chain, and even fronting any required gas fees or taking on interim risk.

How Intents Empower Flexible Execution: By giving the system freedom to decide how to fulfill a request, intent-centric design enables much smarter and more flexible execution layers than fixed user transactions. Some advantages:

• Optimal Routing: Solvers can optimize for cost, speed, or reliability. For instance, multiple solvers might compete to fulfill a user’s intent, and an on-chain auction can select the one offering the best price (e.g. best exchange rate or lowest fees). This competition drives down costs for the user. Wormhole’s Mayan Swift protocol is an example that embeds an on-chain English auction on Solana for each intent, shifting competition from a “first-come” race to a price-based bidding for better user outcomes. The solver that can execute the swap most profitably for the user wins the bid and carries out the plan, ensuring the user gets the most value. This kind of dynamic price discovery is not possible when a user pre-specifies a single path in a regular transaction.
• Resilience and Flexibility: If one bridge or DEX is unavailable or suboptimal at the moment, a solver can choose an alternative path. The intent remains the same, but the execution layer can adapt to network conditions. Intents thus allow programmable execution strategies – e.g. splitting an order or retrying via another route – all invisible to the end-user who only cares that their goal is achieved.
• Atomic Multi-Chain Actions: Intents can encompass what would traditionally be multiple transactions on different chains. Execution frameworks strive to make the entire sequence feel atomic or at least failure-managed. For example, the solver might only consider the intent fulfilled when all sub-transactions (bridge, swap, etc.) are confirmed, and roll back or compensate if anything fails. This ensures the user’s high-level action is either completed in full or not at all, improving reliability.
• Offloading Complexity: Intents dramatically simplify the user’s role. The user doesn’t need to understand which bridges or exchanges to use, how to split liquidity, or how to schedule operations – all that is offloaded to the infrastructure. As one report puts it, “users focus on the what, not the how”. A direct benefit is user experience: interacting with blockchain applications becomes more like using a Web2 app (where a user simply requests a result, and the service handles the process).

In essence, an intent-centric architecture elevates the level of abstraction from low-level transactions to high-level objectives. Ethereum’s community is so keen on this model that the Ethereum Foundation has introduced the Open Intents Framework (OIF), an open standard and reference architecture for building cross-chain intent systems. The OIF defines standard interfaces (like the ERC-7683 intent format) for how intents are created, communicated, and settled across chains, so that many different solutions (bridges, relayers, auction mechanisms) can plug in modularly. This encourages a whole ecosystem of solvers and settlement protocols that can interoperate. The rise of intents is grounded in the need to make Ethereum and its rollups feel “like a single chain” from a UX perspective – fast and frictionless enough that moving across L2s or sidechains happens in seconds without user headache. Early standards like ERC-7683 (for standardized intent format and lifecycle) have even garnered support from leaders like Vitalik Buterin, underscoring the momentum behind intent-centric designs.

Key Benefits Recap: To summarize, intent-centric architectures bring several key benefits : (1) Simplified UX – users state what they want and the system figures out the rest; (2) Cross-Chain Fluidity – operations that span multiple networks are handled seamlessly, effectively treating many chains as one; (3) Developer Scalability – dApp developers can reach users and liquidity across many chains without reinventing the wheel for each, because the intent layer provides standardized hooks into cross-chain execution. By decoupling what needs to be done from how/where it gets done, intents act as the bridge between user-friendly innovation and the complex interoperability behind the scenes.

Technical Building Blocks of Cross-Chain Abstraction​

Implementing chain abstraction and intent-based execution requires a stack of technical mechanisms working in concert. Key components include:

• Cross-Chain Messaging Relayers: At the core of any multi-chain system is a messaging layer that can reliably carry data and value between blockchains. Protocols like Wormhole, Hyperlane, Axelar, LayerZero, and others provide this capability by relaying messages (often with proofs or validator attestations) from a source chain to one or more destination chains. These messages might carry commands like “execute this intent” or “mint this asset” on the target chain. A robust relayer network is crucial for unified transaction routing – it serves as the “postal service” between chains. For example, Wormhole’s network of 19 Guardian nodes observes events on connected chains and signs a VAA (verifiable action approval) that can be submitted to any other chain to prove an event happened. This decouples the action from any single chain, enabling chain-agnostic behavior. Modern relayers focus on being chain-agnostic (supporting many chain types) and decentralized for security. Wormhole, for instance, extends beyond EVM-based chains to support Solana, Cosmos chains, etc., making it a versatile choice for cross-chain communication. The messaging layer often also handles ordering, retries, and finality guarantees for cross-chain transactions.

• Smart Contract Wallets (Account Abstraction): Account abstraction (e.g. Ethereum’s ERC-4337) replaces externally owned accounts with smart contract accounts that can be programmed with custom validation logic and multi-step transaction capabilities. This is a foundation for chain abstraction because a smart wallet can serve as the user’s single meta-account controlling assets on all chains. Projects like Etherspot use smart contract wallets to enable features like transaction batching and session keys across chains. A user’s intent might be packaged as a single user operation (in 4337 terms) which the wallet contract then expands into multiple sub-transactions on different networks. Smart wallets can also integrate paymasters (sponsors) to pay gas fees on the user’s behalf, enabling true gas abstraction (the user might pay in a stablecoin or not at all). Security mechanisms like session keys (temporary keys with limited permissions) allow users to approve intents that involve multiple actions without multiple prompts, while limiting risk. In short, account abstraction provides the programmable execution container that can interpret a high-level intent and orchestrate the necessary steps as a series of transactions (often via the relayers).

• Intent Orchestration and Solvers: Above the messaging and wallet layer lives the intent solver network – the brains that figure out how to fulfill intents. In some architectures, this logic is on-chain (e.g. an on-chain auction contract that matches intent orders with solvers, as in Wormhole’s Solana auction for Mayan Swift). In others, it’s off-chain agents monitoring an intent mempool or order book (for example, the Open Intents Framework provides a reference TypeScript solver that listens for new intent events and then submits transactions to fulfill them). Solvers typically must handle: finding liquidity routes (across DEXes, bridges), price discovery (ensuring the user gets a fair rate), and sometimes covering interim costs (like posting collateral or taking on finality risk – delivering funds to the user before the cross-chain transfer is fully finalized, thereby speeding up UX at some risk to the solver). A well-designed intent-centric system often involves competition among solvers to ensure the user’s intent is executed optimally. Solvers may be economically incentivized (e.g. they earn a fee or arbitrage profit for fulfilling the intent). Mechanisms like solvers’ auctions or batching can be used to maximize efficiency. For example, if multiple users have similar intents, a solver might batch them to minimize bridge fees per user.

• Unified Liquidity and Token Abstraction: Moving assets across chains introduces the classic problem of fragmented liquidity and wrapped tokens. Chain abstraction layers often abstract tokens themselves – aiming to give the user the experience of a single asset that can be used on many chains. One approach is omnichain tokens (where a token can exist natively on multiple chains under one total supply, instead of many incompatible wrapped versions). Wormhole introduced Native Token Transfers (NTT) as an evolution of traditional lock-and-mint bridges: instead of infinite “bridged” IOU tokens, the NTT framework treats tokens deployed across chains as one asset with shared mint/burn controls. In practice, bridging an asset under NTT means burning on the source and minting on the destination, maintaining a single circulating supply. This kind of liquidity unification is crucial so that chain abstraction can “teleport” assets without confusing the user with multiple token representations. Other projects use liquidity networks or pools (e.g. Connext or Axelar) where liquidity providers supply capital on each chain to swap assets in and out, so users can effectively trade one asset for its equivalent on another chain in one step. The Securitize SCOPE fund example is illustrative: an institutional fund token was made multichain such that investors can subscribe or redeem on Ethereum or Optimism, and behind the scenes Wormhole’s protocol moves the token and even converts it into yield-bearing forms, removing the need for manual bridges or multiple wallets for the users.

• Programmable Execution Layers: Finally, certain on-chain innovations empower more complex cross-chain workflows. Atomic multi-call support and transaction scheduling help coordinate multi-step intents. For instance, the Sui blockchain’s Programmable Transaction Blocks (PTBs) allow bundling multiple actions (like swaps, transfers, calls) into one atomic transaction. This can simplify cross-chain intent fulfillment on Sui by ensuring all steps either happen or none do, with one user signature. In Ethereum, proposals like EIP-7702 (smart contract code for EOAs) extend capabilities of user accounts to support things like sponsored gas and multi-step logic even at the base layer. Moreover, specialized execution environments or cross-chain routers can be employed – e.g. some systems route all intents through a particular L2 or hub which coordinates the cross-chain actions (the user might just interact with that hub). Examples include projects like Push Protocol’s L1 (Push Chain) which is being designed as a dedicated settlement layer for chain-agnostic operations, featuring universal smart contracts and sub-second finality to expedite cross-chain interactions. While not universally adopted, these approaches illustrate the spectrum of techniques used to realize chain abstraction: from purely off-chain orchestration to deploying new on-chain infrastructure purpose-built for cross-chain intent execution.

In summary, chain abstraction is achieved by layering these components: a routing layer (relayers messaging across chains), an account layer (smart wallets that can initiate actions on any chain), and an execution layer (solvers, liquidity and contracts that carry out the intents). Each piece is necessary to ensure that from a user’s perspective, interacting with a dApp across multiple blockchains is as smooth as using a single-chain application.

Case Study 1: Wormhole – Intent-Based, Chain-Agnostic Routing​

Wormhole is a leading cross-chain interoperability protocol that has evolved from a token bridge into a comprehensive message-passing network with intent-based functionality. Its approach to chain abstraction is to provide a uniform message routing layer connecting 20+ chains (including EVM chains and non-EVM chains like Solana), and on top of that, build chain-agnostic application protocols. Key elements of Wormhole’s architecture include:

• Generic Message Layer: At its core, Wormhole is a generic publish/subscribe bridge. Validators (Guardians) observe events on each connected chain and sign a VAA (verifiable action) that can be submitted on any other chain to reproduce the event or call a target contract. This generic design means developers can send arbitrary instructions or data cross-chain, not just token transfers. Wormhole ensures messages are delivered and verified consistently, abstracting away whether the source was Ethereum, Solana, or another chain.

• Chain-Agnostic Token Transfers: Wormhole’s original Token Bridge (Portal) used a lock-and-mint approach. Recently, Wormhole introduced Native Token Transfers (NTT), an improved framework for multichain tokens. With NTT, assets can be issued natively on each chain (avoiding fragmented wrapped tokens), while Wormhole handles the accounting of burns and mints across chains to keep supply in sync. For users, this feels like a token “teleports” across chains – they deposit on one chain and withdraw the same asset on another, with Wormhole managing the mint/burn bookkeeping. This is a form of token abstraction that hides the complexity of different token standards and addresses on each chain.

• Intent-Based xApp Protocols: Recognizing that bridging tokens is only one piece of cross-chain UX, Wormhole has developed higher-level protocols to fulfill user intents like swaps or transfers with gas fee management. In 2023–2024, Wormhole collaborated with the cross-chain DEX aggregator Mayan to launch two intent-focused protocols, often called xApps (cross-chain apps) in the Wormhole ecosystem: Mayan Swift and Mayan MCTP (Multichain Transfer Protocol).

  • Mayan Swift is described as a “flexible cross-chain intent protocol” that essentially lets a user request a token swap from Chain A to Chain B. The user signs a single transaction on the source chain locking their funds and specifying their desired outcome (e.g. “I want at least X amount of token Y on destination chain by time T”). This intent (the order) is then picked up by solvers. Uniquely, Wormhole Swift uses an on-chain auction on Solana to conduct competitive price discovery for the intent. Solvers monitor a special Solana contract; when a new intent order is created, they bid by committing how much of the output token they can deliver. Over a short auction period (e.g. 3 seconds), bids compete up the price. The highest bidder (who offers the most favorable rate to the user) wins and is granted the right to fulfill the swap. Wormhole then carries a message to the destination chain authorizing that solver to deliver the tokens to the user, and another message back to release the user’s locked funds to the solver as payment. This design ensures the user’s intent is fulfilled at the best possible price in a decentralized way, while the user only had to interact with their source chain. It also decouples the cross-chain swap into two steps (lock funds, then fulfill on dest) to minimize risk. The intent-centric design here shows how abstraction enables smart execution: rather than a user picking a particular bridge or DEX, the system finds the optimal path and price automatically.

  • Mayan MCTP focuses on cross-chain asset transfers with gas and fee management. It leverages Circle’s CCTP (Cross-Chain Transfer Protocol) – which allows native USDC to be burned on one chain and minted on another – as the base for value transfer, and uses Wormhole messaging for coordination. In an MCTP transfer, a user’s intent might be simply “move my USDC from Chain A to Chain B (and optionally swap to another token on B)”. The source-chain contract accepts the tokens and a desired destination, then initiates a burn via CCTP and simultaneously publishes a Wormhole message carrying metadata like the user’s destination address, desired token on destination, and even a gas drop (an amount of the bridged funds to convert to native gas on the destination). On the destination chain, once Circle mints the USDC, a Wormhole relayer ensures the intent metadata is delivered and verified. The protocol can then automatically e.g. swap a portion of USDC to the native token to pay for gas, and deliver the rest to the user’s wallet (or to a specified contract). This provides a one-step, gas-included bridge: the user doesn’t have to go acquire gas on the new chain or perform a separate swap for gas. It’s all encoded in the intent and handled by the network. MCTP thus demonstrates how chain abstraction can handle fee abstraction and reliable transfers in one flow. Wormhole’s role is to securely transmit the intent and proof that funds were moved (via CCTP) so that the user’s request is fulfilled end-to-end.

Illustration of Wormhole’s intent-centric swap architecture (Mayan Swift). In this design, the user locks assets on the source chain and defines an outcome (intent). Solvers bid in an on-chain auction for the right to fulfill that intent. The winning solver uses Wormhole messages to coordinate unlocking funds and delivering the outcome on the destination chain, all while ensuring the user receives the best price for their swap.

• Unified UX and One-Click Flows: Wormhole-based applications are increasingly offering one-click cross-chain actions. For example, Wormhole Connect is a frontend SDK that dApps and wallets integrate to let users bridge assets with a single click – behind the scenes it calls Wormhole token bridging and (optionally) relayers that deposit gas on the target chain. In the Securitize SCOPE fund use-case, an investor on Optimism can purchase fund tokens that originally live on Ethereum, without manually bridging anything; Wormhole’s liquidity layer automatically moves the tokens across and even converts them into a yield-bearing form, so the user just sees a unified investment product. Such examples highlight the chain abstraction ethos: the user performs a high-level action (invest in fund, swap X for Y) and the platform handles cross-chain mechanics silently. Wormhole’s standard message relaying and automatic gas delivery (via services like Wormhole’s Automatic Relayer or Axelar’s Gas Service integrated in some flows) mean the user often signs just one transaction on their origin chain and receives the result on the destination chain with no further intervention. From the developer perspective, Wormhole provides a uniform interface to call contracts across chains, so building cross-chain logic is simpler.

In summary, Wormhole’s approach to chain abstraction is to provide the infrastructure (decentralized relayers + standardized contracts on each chain) that others can build upon to create chain-agnostic experiences. By supporting a wide variety of chains and offering higher-level protocols (like the intent auction and gas-managed transfer), Wormhole enables applications to treat the blockchain ecosystem as a connected whole. Users benefit by no longer needing to worry about what chain they’re on or how to bridge – whether it’s moving liquidity or doing a multi-chain swap, Wormhole’s intent-centric xApps aim to make it as easy as a single-chain interaction. Wormhole’s co-founder Robinson Burkey noted that this kind of infrastructure has reached “institutional-scale maturity”, allowing even regulated asset issuers to operate seamlessly across networks and abstract away chain-specific constraints for their users.

Case Study 2: Etherspot – Account Abstraction Meets Intents​

Etherspot approaches the cross-chain UX problem from the perspective of wallets and developer tooling. It provides an Account Abstraction SDK and an intent protocol stack that developers can integrate to give their users a unified multi-chain experience. In effect, Etherspot combines smart contract wallets with chain abstraction logic so that a user’s single smart account can operate across many networks with minimal friction. Key features of Etherspot’s architecture include:

• Modular Smart Wallet (Account Abstraction): Every user of Etherspot gets a smart contract wallet (ERC-4337 style) that can be deployed on multiple chains. Etherspot contributed to standards like ERC-7579 (minimal modular smart accounts interface) to ensure these wallets are interoperable and upgradeable. The wallet contract acts as the user’s agent and can be customized with modules. For example, one module might enable a unified balance view – the wallet can report the aggregate of a user’s funds across all chains. Another module might enable session keys, so the user can approve a series of actions with one signature. Because the wallet is present on each chain, it can directly initiate transactions locally when needed (with Etherspot’s backend bundlers and relayers orchestrating the cross-chain coordination).

• Transaction Bundler and Paymasters: Etherspot runs a bundler service (called Skandha) that collects user operations from the smart wallets, and a paymaster service (Arka) that can sponsor gas fees. When a user triggers an intent through Etherspot, they effectively sign a message to their wallet contract. The Etherspot infrastructure (the bundler) then translates that into actual transactions on the relevant chains. Crucially, it can bundle multiple actions – e.g. a DEX swap on one chain and a bridge transfer to another chain – into one meta-transaction that the user’s wallet contract will execute step by step. The paymaster means the user might not need to pay any L1 gas; instead, the dApp or a third party could cover it, or the fee could be taken in another token. This realizes gas abstraction in practice (a big usability win). In fact, Etherspot highlights that with upcoming Ethereum features like EIP-7702, even Externally Owned Accounts could gain gasless capabilities similar to contract wallets – but Etherspot’s smart accounts already allow gasless intents via paymasters today.

• Intent API and Solvers (Pulse): On top of the account layer, Etherspot provides a high-level Intent API known as Etherspot Pulse. Pulse is Etherspot’s chain abstraction engine that developers can use to enable cross-chain intents in their dApps. In a demo of Etherspot Pulse in late 2024, they showed how a user could perform a token swap from Ethereum to an asset on Base, using a simple React app interface with one click. Under the hood, Pulse handled the multi-chain transaction securely and efficiently. The key features of Pulse include Unified Balances (the user sees all assets as one portfolio regardless of chain), Session Key Security (limited privileges for certain actions to avoid constant approvals), Intent-Based Swaps, and Solver Integration. In other words, the developer just calls an intent like swap(tokenA on Chain1 -> tokenB on Chain2 for user) through the Etherspot SDK, and Pulse figures out how to do it – whether by routing through a liquidity network like Socket or calling a cross-chain DEX. Etherspot has integrated with various bridges and DEX aggregators to find optimal routes (it is likely using some of the Open Intents Framework concepts as well, given Etherspot’s involvement in the Ethereum intents community).

• Education and Standards: Etherspot has been a vocal proponent of chain abstraction standards. It has released educational content explaining intents and how “users declare their desired outcome, while solvers handle the backend process”, emphasizing simplified UX and cross-chain fluidity. They enumerate benefits like users not needing to worry about bridging or gas, and dApps gaining scalability by easily accessing multiple chains. Etherspot is also actively collaborating with ecosystem projects: for example, it references the Ethereum Foundation’s Open Intents Framework and explores integrating new cross-chain messaging standards (ERC-7786, 7787, etc.) as they emerge. By aligning with common standards, Etherspot ensures its intent format or wallet interface can work in tandem with other solutions (like Hyperlane, Connext, Axelar, etc.) chosen by the developer.

• Use Cases and Developer UX: For developers, using Etherspot means they can add cross-chain features without reinventing the wheel. A DeFi dApp can let a user deposit funds on whatever chain they have assets on, and Etherspot will abstract the chain differences. A gaming app could let users sign one transaction to claim an NFT on an L2 and have it automatically bridged to Ethereum if needed for trading. Etherspot’s SDK essentially offers chain-agnostic function calls – developers call high-level methods (like a unified transfer() or swap()) and the SDK handles locating user funds, moving them if needed, and updating state across chains. This significantly reduces development time for multi-chain support (the team claims up to 90% reduction in development time when using their chain abstraction platform). Another aspect is RPC Playground and debugging tools Etherspot built for AA flows, which make it easier to test complex user operations that may involve multiple networks. All of this is geared towards making integration of chain abstraction as straightforward as integrating a payments API in Web2.

From the end-user perspective, an Etherspot-powered application can offer a much smoother onboarding and daily experience. New users can sign in with social login or email (if the dApp uses Etherspot’s social account module) and get a smart account automatically – no need to manage seed phrases for each chain. They can receive tokens from any chain to their one address (the smart wallet’s address is the same on all supported chains) and see them in one list. If they want to perform an action (swap, lend, etc.) on a chain where they don’t have the asset or gas, the intent protocol will automatically route their funds and actions to make it happen. For example, a user holding USDC on Polygon who wants to participate in an Ethereum DeFi pool could simply click “Invest in Pool” – the app (via Etherspot) will swap the USDC to the required asset, bridge it to Ethereum, deposit into the pool contract, and even handle gas fees by taking a tiny portion of the USDC, all in one flow. The user is never confronted with “please switch to X network” or “you need ETH for gas” errors – those are handled behind the scenes. This one-click experience is exactly what chain abstraction strives for.

Etherspot’s CEO, Michael Messele, spoke at EthCC 2025 about “advanced chain abstraction” and highlighted that making Web3 truly blockchain-agnostic can empower both users and developers by enhancing interoperability, scalability, and UX. Etherspot’s own contributions, like the Pulse demo of single-intent cross-chain swaps, show that the technology is already here to drastically simplify cross-chain interactions. As Etherspot positions it, intents are the bridge between the innovative possibilities of a multi-chain ecosystem and the usability that end-users expect. With solutions like theirs, dApps can deliver “frictionless” experiences where chain differences disappear into the background, accelerating mainstream adoption of Web3.

User & Developer Experience Improvements​

Both chain abstraction and intent-centric architectures are ultimately in service of a better user experience (UX) and developer experience (DX) in a multi-chain world. Some of the notable improvements include:

• Seamless Onboarding: New users can be onboarded without worrying about what blockchain they’re on. For instance, a user could be given a single smart account that works everywhere, possibly created with a social login. They can receive any token or NFT to this account from any chain without confusion. No longer must a newcomer learn about switching networks in MetaMask or safeguarding multiple seed phrases. This lowers the barrier to entry significantly, as using a dApp feels closer to a Web2 app signup. Projects implementing account abstraction often allow email or OAuth-based wallet creation, with the resulting smart account being chain-agnostic.

• One-Click Cross-Chain Actions: Perhaps the most visible UX gain is condensing what used to be multi-step, multi-app workflows into one or two clicks. For example, a cross-chain token swap previously might require: swapping Token A for a bridgeable asset on Chain 1, going to a bridge UI to send it to Chain 2, then swapping to Token B on Chain 2 – and managing gas fees on both chains. With intent-centric systems, the user simply requests “Swap A on Chain1 to B on Chain2” and confirms once. All intermediate steps (including acquiring gas on Chain2 if needed) are automated. This not only saves time but also reduces the chances of user error (using the wrong bridge, sending to wrong address, etc.). It’s akin to the convenience of booking a multi-leg flight through one travel site versus manually purchasing each leg separately.

• No Native Gas Anxiety: Users don’t need to constantly swap for small amounts of ETH, MATIC, AVAX, etc. just to pay for transactions. Gas fee abstraction means either the dApp covers the gas (and maybe charges a fee in the transacted token or via a subscription model), or the system converts a bit of the user’s asset automatically to pay fees. This has a huge psychological impact – it removes a class of confusing prompt (no more “insufficient gas” errors) and lets users focus on the actions they care about. Several EthCC 2025 talks noted gas abstraction as a priority, e.g. Ethereum’s EIP-7702 will even allow EOA accounts to have gas sponsored in the future. In practice today, many intent protocols drop a small amount of the output asset as gas on the destination chain for the user, or utilize paymasters connected to user operations. The result: a user can, say, move USDC from Arbitrum to Polygon without ever touching ETH on either side, and still have their Polygon wallet able to make transactions immediately on arrival.

• Unified Asset Management: For end-users, having a unified view of assets and activities across chains is a major quality-of-life improvement. Chain abstraction can present a combined portfolio – so your 1 ETH on mainnet and 2 ETH worth of bridged stETH on Optimism might both just show as “ETH balance”. If you have USD stablecoins on five different chains, a chain-agnostic wallet could show your total USD value and allow spending from it without you manually bridging. This feels more like a traditional bank app that shows a single balance (even if funds are spread across accounts behind the scenes). Users can set preferences like “use cheapest network by default” or “maximize yield” and the system might automatically allocate transactions to the appropriate chain. Meanwhile, all their transaction history could be seen in one timeline regardless of chain. Such coherence is important for broader adoption – it hides blockchain complexity under familiar metaphors.

• Enhanced Developer Productivity: From the developer’s side, chain abstraction platforms mean no more writing chain-specific code for each integration. Instead of integrating five different bridges and six exchanges to ensure coverage of assets and networks, a developer can integrate one intent protocol API that abstracts those. This not only saves development effort but also reduces maintenance – as new chains or bridges come along, the abstraction layer’s maintainers handle integration, and the dApp just benefits from it. The weekly digest from Etherspot highlighted that solutions like Okto’s chain abstraction platform claim to cut multi-chain dApp development time by up to 90% by providing out-of-the-box support for major chains and features like liquidity optimization. In essence, developers can focus on application logic (e.g. a lending product, a game) rather than the intricacies of cross-chain transfers or gas management. This opens the door for more Web2 developers to step into Web3, as they can use higher-level SDKs instead of needing deep blockchain expertise for each chain.

• New Composable Experiences: With intents and chain abstraction, developers can create experiences that were previously too complex to attempt. For example, cross-chain yield farming strategies can be automated: a user could click “maximize yield on my assets” and an intent protocol could move assets between chains to the best yield farms, even doing this continuously as rates change. Games can have assets and quests that span multiple chains without requiring players to manually bridge items – the game’s backend (using an intent framework) handles item teleportation or state sync. Even governance can benefit: a DAO could allow a user to vote once and have that vote applied on all relevant chains’ governance contracts via cross-chain messages. The overall effect is composability: just as DeFi on a single chain allowed Lego-like composition of protocols, cross-chain intent layers allow protocols on different chains to compose. A user intent might trigger actions on multiple dApps across chains (e.g. unwrap an NFT on one chain and sell it on a marketplace on another), which creates richer workflows than siloed single-chain operations.

• Safety Nets and Reliability: An often under-appreciated UX aspect is error handling. In early cross-chain interactions, if something went wrong (stuck funds in a bridge, a transaction failing after you sent funds, etc.), users faced a nightmare of troubleshooting across multiple platforms. Intent frameworks can build in retry logic, insurance, or user protection mechanisms. For example, a solver might take on finality risk – delivering the user’s funds on the destination immediately (within seconds) and waiting for the slower source chain finality themselves. This means the user isn’t stuck waiting minutes or hours for confirmation. If an intent fails partially, the system can rollback or refund automatically. Because the entire flow is orchestrated with known steps, there’s more scope to make the user whole if something breaks. Some protocols are exploring escrow and insurance for cross-chain operations as part of the intent execution, which would be impossible if the user was manually jumping through hoops – they’d bear that risk alone. In short, abstraction can make the overall experience not just smoother but also more secure and trustworthy for the average user.

All these improvements point to a single trend: reducing the cognitive load on users and abstracting away blockchain plumbing into the background. When done right, users may not even realize which chains they are using – they just access features and services. Developers, on the other hand, get to build apps that tap liquidity and user bases across many networks from a single codebase. It’s a shift of complexity from the edges (user apps) to the middle (infrastructure protocols), which is a natural progression as technology matures. EthCC 2025’s tone echoed this sentiment, with “seamless, composable infrastructure” cited as a paramount goal for the Ethereum community.

Insights from EthCC 2025​

The EthCC 2025 conference (held in July 2025 in Cannes) underscored how central chain abstraction and intent-based design have become in the Ethereum ecosystem. A dedicated block of sessions focused on unifying user experiences across networks. Key takeaways from the event include:

• Community Alignment on Abstraction: Multiple talks by industry leaders echoed the same message – simplifying the multi-chain experience is critical for the next wave of Web3 adoption. Michael Messele (Etherspot) spoke about moving “towards a blockchain-agnostic future”, Alex Bash (Zerion wallet) discussed “unifying Ethereum’s UX with abstraction and intents”, and others introduced concrete standards like ERC-7811 for stablecoin chain abstraction. The very title of one talk, “There’s No Web3 Future Without Chain Abstraction”, encapsulated the community sentiment. In other words, there is broad agreement that without solving cross-chain usability, Web3 will not reach its full potential. This represents a shift from previous years where scaling L1 or L2 was the main focus – now that many L2s are live, connecting them for users is the new frontier.

• Ethereum’s Role as a Hub: EthCC panels highlighted that Ethereum is positioning itself not just as one chain among many, but as the foundation of a multi-chain ecosystem. Ethereum’s security and its 4337 account abstraction on mainnet can serve as the common base that underlies activity on various L2s and sidechains. Rather than competing with its rollups, Ethereum (and by extension Ethereum’s community) is investing in protocols that make the whole network of chains feel unified. This is exemplified by the Ethereum Foundation’s support for projects like the Open Intents Framework, which spans many chains and rollups. The vibe at EthCC was that Ethereum’s maturity is shown in embracing an “ecosystem of ecosystems”, where user-centric design (regardless of chain) is paramount.

• Stablecoins & Real-World Assets as Catalysts: An interesting theme was the intersection of chain abstraction with stablecoins and RWAs (Real-World Assets). Stablecoins were repeatedly noted as a “grounding force” in DeFi, and several talks (e.g. on ERC-7811 stablecoin chain abstraction) looked at making stablecoin usage chain-agnostic. The idea is that an average user shouldn’t need to care on which chain their USDC or DAI resides – it should hold the same value and be usable anywhere seamlessly. We saw this with Securitize’s fund using Wormhole to go multichain, effectively abstracting an institutional product across chains. EthCC discussions suggested that solving cross-chain UX for stablecoins and RWAs is a big step toward broader blockchain-based finance, since these assets demand smooth user experiences for adoption by institutions and mainstream users.

• Developer Excitement and Tooling: Workshops and side events (like Multichain Day) introduced developers to the new tooling available. Hackathon projects and demos showcased how intent APIs and chain abstraction SDKs (from various teams) could be used to whip up cross-chain dApps in days. There was a palpable excitement that the “Holy Grail” of Web3 UX – using multiple networks without realizing it – is within reach. The Open Intents Framework team did a beginner’s workshop explaining how to build an intent-enabled app, likely using their reference solver and contracts. Developers who had struggled with bridging and multi-chain deployment in the past were keen on these solutions, as evidenced by the Q&A sessions (as reported informally on social media during the conference).

• Announcements and Collaboration: EthCC 2025 also served as a stage for announcing collaborations between projects in this space. For example, a partnership between a wallet provider and an intent protocol or between a bridge project and an account abstraction project were hinted at. One concrete announcement was Wormhole integrating with the Stacks ecosystem (bringing Bitcoin liquidity into cross-chain flows) which wasn’t directly chain abstraction for Ethereum, but exemplified the expanding connectivity across traditionally separate crypto ecosystems. The presence of projects like Zerion (wallet), Safe (smart accounts), Connext, Socket, Axelar, etc., all discussing interoperability, signaled that many pieces of the puzzle are coming together.

Overall, EthCC 2025 painted a picture of a community coalescing around user-centric cross-chain innovation. The phrase “composable infrastructure” was used to describe the goal: all these L1s, L2s, and protocols should form a cohesive fabric that applications can build on without needing to stitch things together ad-hoc. The conference made it clear that chain abstraction and intents are not just buzzwords but active areas of development attracting serious talent and investment. Ethereum’s leadership in this—through funding, setting standards, and providing a robust base layer—was reaffirmed at the event.

Comparison of Approaches to Chain Abstraction and Intents​

The table below compares several prominent protocols and frameworks that tackle cross-chain user/developer experience, highlighting their approach and key features:

(Table legend: AA = Account Abstraction, ChA = Chain Abstraction, AMB = arbitrary messaging bridge)

Each of the above approaches addresses the cross-chain UX challenge from a slightly different angle – some focus on the user’s wallet/account, others on the network messaging, and others on the developer API layer – but all share the goal of making blockchain interactions chain-agnostic and intent-driven. Notably, these solutions are not mutually exclusive; in fact, they often complement each other. For example, an application could use Etherspot’s smart wallet + paymasters, with the Open Intents standard to format the user’s intent, and then use Axelar or Connext under the hood as the execution layer to actually bridge and perform actions. The emerging trend is composability among chain abstraction tools themselves, ultimately building toward an Internet of Blockchains where users navigate freely.

Conclusion​

Blockchain technology is undergoing a paradigm shift from siloed networks and manual operations to a unified, intent-driven experience. Chain abstraction and intent-centric architecture are at the heart of this transformation. By abstracting away the complexities of multiple chains, they enable a user-centric Web3 in which people interact with decentralized applications without needing to understand which chain they’re using, how to bridge assets, or how to acquire gas on each network. The infrastructure – relayers, smart accounts, solvers, and bridges – collaboratively handle those details, much like the Internet’s underlying protocols route packets without users knowing the route.

The benefits in user experience are already tangible: smoother onboarding, one-click cross-chain swaps, and truly seamless dApp interactions across ecosystems. Developers, too, are empowered by higher-level SDKs and standards that dramatically simplify building for a multi-chain world. As seen at EthCC 2025, there is a strong community consensus that these developments are not only exciting enhancements but fundamental requirements for the next phase of Web3 growth. Projects like Wormhole and Etherspot demonstrate that it’s possible to retain decentralization and trustlessness while offering Web2-like ease of use.

Looking ahead, we can expect further convergence of these approaches. Standards such as ERC-7683 intents and ERC-4337 account abstraction will likely become widely adopted, ensuring compatibility across platforms. More bridges and networks will integrate with open intent frameworks, increasing liquidity and options for solvers to fulfill user intents. Eventually, the term “cross-chain” might fade away, as interactions won’t be thought of in terms of distinct chains at all – much like users of the web don’t think about which data center their request hit. Instead, users will simply invoke services and manage assets in a unified blockchain ecosystem.

In conclusion, chain abstraction and intent-centric design are turning the multi-chain dream into reality: delivering the benefits of diverse blockchain innovation without the fragmentation. By centering designs on user intents and abstracting the rest, the industry is taking a major step toward making decentralized applications as intuitive and powerful as the centralized services of today, fulfilling the promise of Web3 for a broader audience. The infrastructure is still evolving, but its trajectory is clear – a seamless, intent-driven Web3 experience is on the horizon, and it will redefine how we perceive and interact with blockchains.

Sources: The information in this report was gathered from a range of up-to-date resources, including protocol documentation, developer blog posts, and talks from EthCC 2025. Key references include Wormhole’s official docs on their cross-chain intent protocols, Etherspot’s technical blog series on account and chain abstraction, and the Ethereum Foundation’s Open Intents Framework release notes, among others, as cited throughout the text. Each citation is denoted in the format 【source†lines】 to pinpoint the original source material supporting the statements made.

How to drop wallet friction, keep users flowing, and forecast the upside

What if your Web3 app had the same seamless sign-up flow as a modern Web2 service? That's the core promise of zkLogin on the Sui blockchain. It functions like OAuth for Sui, letting users sign in with familiar accounts from Google, Apple, X, and more. A zero-knowledge proof then securely links that Web2 identity to an on-chain Sui address—no wallet pop-ups, no seed phrases, no user churn.

The impact is real and immediate. With hundreds of thousands of zkLogin accounts already live, case studies report massive gains in user conversion, jumping from a dismal 17% to a healthy 42% after removing traditional wallet barriers. Let's break down how it works and what it can do for your project.

Why Wallets Kill First‑Time Conversion​

You've built a groundbreaking dApp, but your user acquisition funnel is leaking. The culprit is almost always the same: the "Connect Wallet" button. Standard Web3 onboarding is a maze of extension installations, seed phrase warnings, and crypto-jargon quizzes.

It’s a massive barrier for newcomers. UX researchers observed a staggering 87% drop-off the moment a wallet prompt appeared. In a telling experiment, simply re-routing that prompt to a later stage in the checkout process flipped the completion rate to 94%. Even for crypto-curious users, the primary fear is, “I might lose my funds if I click the wrong button.” Removing that single, intimidating step is the key to unlocking exponential growth.

How zkLogin Works (in Plain English)​

zkLogin elegantly sidesteps the wallet problem by using technologies every internet user already trusts. The magic happens behind the scenes in a few quick steps:

1. Ephemeral Key Pair: When a user wants to sign in, a temporary, single-session key pair is generated locally in their browser. Think of it as a temporary passkey, valid only for this session.
2. OAuth Dance: The user signs in with their Google, Apple, or other social account. Your app cleverly embeds a unique value (nonce) into this login request.
3. ZKP Service: After a successful login, a ZKP (Zero-Knowledge Proof) service generates a cryptographic proof. This proof confirms, "This OAuth token authorizes the owner of the temporary passkey," without ever revealing the user's personal identity on-chain.
4. Derive Address: The user's JWT (JSON Web Token) from the OAuth provider is combined with a unique salt to deterministically generate their permanent Sui address. The salt is kept private, either client-side or in a secure backend.
5. Submit Transaction: Your app signs transactions with the temporary key and attaches the ZK proof. Sui validators verify the proof on-chain, confirming the transaction's legitimacy without the user ever needing a traditional wallet.

Step‑by‑Step Integration Guide​

Ready to implement this? Here’s a quick guide using the TypeScript SDK. The principles are identical for Rust or Python.

1. Install SDK​

The @mysten/sui package includes all the zklogin helpers you'll need.

pnpm add @mysten/sui

2. Generate Keys & Nonce​

First, create an ephemeral keypair and a nonce tied to the current epoch on the Sui network.

const keypair = new Ed25519Keypair();
const { epoch } = await suiClient.getLatestSuiSystemState();
const nonce = generateNonce(keypair.getPublicKey(), Number(epoch) + 2, generateRandomness());

3. Redirect to OAuth​

Construct the appropriate OAuth login URL for the provider you're using (e.g., Google, Facebook, Apple) and redirect the user.

4. Decode JWT & Fetch User Salt​

After the user logs in and is redirected back, grab the id_token from the URL. Use it to fetch the user-specific salt from your backend, then derive their Sui address.

const jwt = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get('id_token')!;
const salt = await fetch('/api/salt?jwt=' + jwt).then(r => r.text());
const address = jwtToAddress(jwt, salt);

5. Request ZK Proof​

Send the JWT to a prover service to get the ZK proof. For development, you can use Mysten’s public prover. In production, you should host your own or use a service like Enoki.

const proof = await fetch('/api/prove', {
  method:'POST',
  body: JSON.stringify({ jwt, ... })
}).then(r => r.json());

6. Sign & Send​

Now, build your transaction, set the sender to the user's zkLogin address, and execute it. The SDK handles attaching the zkLoginInputs (the proof) automatically. ✨

const tx = new TransactionBlock();
tx.moveCall({ target:'0x2::example::touch_grass' }); // Any Move call
tx.setSender(address);
tx.setGasBudget(5_000_000);

await suiClient.signAndExecuteTransactionBlock({
  transactionBlock: tx,
  zkLoginInputs: proof // The magic happens here
});

7. Persist Session​

For a smoother user experience, encrypt and store the keypair and salt in IndexedDB or local storage. Remember to rotate them every few epochs for enhanced security.

KPI Projection Template​

The difference zkLogin makes isn't just qualitative; it's quantifiable. Compare a typical onboarding funnel with a zkLogin-powered one:

👉 What this means: For a campaign driving 10,000 unique visitors, that's the difference between 300 first-day on-chain actions and over 2,500.

Best Practices & Gotchas​

To create an even more seamless experience, keep these pro-tips in mind:

• Use Sponsored Transactions: Pay for your users' first few transaction fees. This removes all friction and delivers an incredible "aha" moment.
• Handle Salts Carefully: Changing a user's salt will generate a new address. Only do this if you control a reliable recovery path for them.
• Expose the Sui Address: After signup, show users their on-chain address. This empowers advanced users to import it into a traditional wallet later if they choose.
• Prevent Refresh Loops: Cache the JWT and ephemeral keypair until they expire to avoid asking the user to log in repeatedly.
• Monitor Prover Latency: Keep an eye on the proof-generation round-trip time. If it exceeds 2 seconds, consider hosting a regional prover to keep things snappy.

Where BlockEden.xyz Adds Value​

While zkLogin perfects the user-facing flow, scaling it introduces new backend challenges. That's where BlockEden.xyz comes in.

• API Layer: Our high-throughput, geo-routed RPC nodes ensure your zkLogin transactions are processed with minimal latency, regardless of user location.
• Observability: Get out-of-the-box dashboards to track key metrics like proof latency, success/fail ratios, and your conversion funnel's health.
• Compliance: For apps that bridge into fiat, our optional KYC module provides a compliant on-ramp directly from the user's verified identity.

Ready to Ship?​

The era of clunky, intimidating wallet flows is over. Spin up a zkLogin sandbox, plug in BlockEden’s full-node endpoint, and watch your sign-up graph bend upward—while your users never even have to hear the word “wallet.” 😉

The State of Blockchain APIs 2025 report (by BlockEden.xyz) provides a comprehensive look at the blockchain API infrastructure landscape. It examines emerging trends, market growth, major providers, supported blockchains, developer adoption, and critical factors like security, decentralization, and scalability. It also highlights how blockchain API services are powering various use cases (DeFi, NFTs, gaming, enterprise) and includes commentary on industry directions. Below is a structured summary of the report’s findings, with comparisons of leading API providers and direct citations from the source for verification.

Trends in Blockchain API Infrastructure (2025)​

The blockchain API ecosystem in 2025 is shaped by several key trends and technological advancements:

• Multi-Chain Ecosystems: The era of a single dominant blockchain is over – hundreds of Layer-1s, Layer-2s, and app-specific chains exist. Leading providers like QuickNode now support ~15–25 chains, but in reality “five to six hundred blockchains (and thousands of sub-networks) [are] active in the world”. This fragmentation drives demand for infrastructure that abstracts complexity and offers unified multi-chain access. Platforms that embrace new protocols early can gain first-mover advantage, as more scalable chains unlock new on-chain applications and developers increasingly build across multiple chains. In 2023 alone, ~131 different blockchain ecosystems attracted new developers, underscoring the multi-chain trend.

• Developer Community Resilience and Growth: The Web3 developer community remains substantial and resilient despite market cycles. As of late 2023 there were over 22,000 monthly active open-source crypto developers, a slight dip (~25% YoY) after the 2021 hype, but notably the number of experienced “veteran” developers grew by ~15%. This indicates a consolidation of serious, long-term builders. These developers demand reliable, scalable infrastructure and cost-effective solutions, especially in a tighter funding environment. With transaction costs dropping on major chains (thanks to L2 rollups) and new high-throughput chains coming online, on-chain activity is hitting all-time highs – further fueling demand for robust node and API services.

• Rise of Web3 Infrastructure Services: Blockchain infrastructure has matured into its own segment, attracting significant venture funding and specialized providers. QuickNode, for example, distinguished itself with high performance (reported 2.5× faster than some competitors) and 99.99% uptime SLAs, winning enterprise clients like Google and Coinbase. Alchemy achieved a $10 B valuation at the market peak, reflecting investor enthusiasm. This influx of capital has spurred rapid innovation in managed nodes, RPC APIs, indexing/analytics, and developer tools. Traditional cloud giants (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud) are also entering the fray with blockchain node hosting and managed ledger services. This validates the market opportunity but raises the bar for smaller providers to deliver on reliability, scale, and enterprise features.

• Decentralization Push (Infrastructure): Counter to the trend of big centralized providers, there’s a movement toward decentralized infrastructure in line with Web3’s ethos. Projects like Pocket Network, Ankr, and Blast (Bware) offer RPC endpoints via distributed node networks with crypto-economic incentives. These decentralized APIs can be cost-effective and censorship-resistant, though often still trailing centralized services in performance and ease-of-use. The report notes that “while centralized services currently lead in performance, the ethos of Web3 favors disintermediation.” BlockEden’s own vision of an open “API marketplace” with permissionless access (eventually token-governed) aligns with this push, seeking to combine the reliability of traditional infrastructure with the openness of decentralized networks. Ensuring open self-service onboarding (e.g. generous free tiers, instant API key signup) has become an industry best practice to attract grassroots developers.

• Convergence of Services & One-Stop Platforms: Providers are broadening their offerings beyond basic RPC endpoints. There’s growing demand for enhanced APIs and data services – e.g. indexed data (for faster queries), GraphQL APIs, token/NFT APIs, analytics dashboards, and even integrations of off-chain data or AI services. For example, BlockEden provides GraphQL indexer APIs for Aptos, Sui, and Stellar Soroban to simplify complex queries. QuickNode acquired NFT API tools (e.g. Icy Tools) and launched an add-on marketplace. Alchemy offers specialized APIs for NFTs, tokens, transfers, and even an account abstraction SDK. This “one-stop-shop” trend means developers can get nodes + indexing + storage + analytics from a single platform. BlockEden has even explored “permissionless LLM inference” (AI services) in its infrastructure. The goal is to attract developers with a rich suite of tools so they don’t need to stitch together multiple vendors.

Market Size and Growth Outlook (2025)​

The report paints a picture of robust growth for the blockchain API/infrastructure market through 2025 and beyond:

• The global Web3 infrastructure market is projected to grow at roughly 49% CAGR from 2024 to 2030, indicating enormous investment and demand in the sector. This suggests the overall market size could double every ~1.5–2 years at that rate. (For context, an external Statista forecast cited in the report estimates the broader digital asset ecosystem reaching ~$45.3 billion by end of 2025, underscoring the scale of the crypto economy that infrastructure must support.)

• Driving this growth is the pressure on businesses (both Web3 startups and traditional firms) to integrate crypto and blockchain capabilities. According to the report, dozens of Web2 industries (e-commerce, fintech, gaming, etc.) now require crypto exchange, payment, or NFT functionality to stay competitive, but building such systems from scratch is difficult. Blockchain API providers offer turnkey solutions – from wallet and transaction APIs to fiat on/off-ramps – that bridge traditional systems with the crypto world. This lowers the barrier for adoption, fueling more demand for API services.

• Enterprise and institutional adoption of blockchain is also rising, further expanding the market. Clearer regulations and success stories of blockchain in finance and supply chain have led to more enterprise projects by 2025. Many enterprises prefer not to run their own nodes, creating opportunities for infrastructure providers with enterprise-grade offerings (SLA guarantees, security certifications, dedicated support). For instance, Chainstack’s SOC2-certified infrastructure with 99.9% uptime SLA and single sign-on appeals to enterprises seeking reliability and compliance. Providers that capture these high-value clients can significantly boost revenue.

In summary, 2025’s outlook is strong growth for blockchain APIs – the combination of an expanding developer base, new blockchains launching, increasing on-chain activity, and mainstream integration of crypto services all drive a need for scalable infrastructure. Both dedicated Web3 firms and tech giants are investing heavily to meet this demand, indicating a competitive but rewarding market.

Leading Blockchain API Providers – Features & Comparison​

Several key players dominate the blockchain API space in 2025, each with different strengths. The BlockEden report compares BlockEden.xyz (the host of the report) with other leading providers such as Alchemy, Infura, QuickNode, and Chainstack. Below is a comparison in terms of supported blockchains, notable features, performance/uptime, and pricing:

Sources: The above comparison integrates data and quotes from the BlockEden.xyz report, as well as documented features from provider websites (e.g. Alchemy and Chainstack docs) for accuracy.

Blockchain Coverage and Network Support​

One of the most important aspects of an API provider is which blockchains it supports. Here is a brief coverage of specific popular chains and how they are supported:

• Ethereum Mainnet & L2s: All the leading providers support Ethereum. Infura and Alchemy specialize heavily in Ethereum (with full archive data, etc.). QuickNode, BlockEden, and Chainstack also support Ethereum as a core offering. Layer-2 networks like Polygon, Arbitrum, Optimism, Base are supported by Alchemy, QuickNode, and Chainstack, and by Infura (as paid add-ons). BlockEden supports Polygon (and Polygon zkEVM) and is likely to add more L2s as they emerge.

• Solana: Solana is supported by BlockEden (they added Solana in 2023), QuickNode, and Chainstack. Alchemy also added Solana RPC in 2022. Infura does not support Solana (at least as of 2025, it remains focused on EVM networks).

• Bitcoin: Being a non-EVM, Bitcoin is notably not supported by Infura or Alchemy (which concentrate on smart contract chains). QuickNode and Chainstack both offer Bitcoin RPC access, giving developers access to Bitcoin data without running a full node. BlockEden currently does not list Bitcoin among its supported networks (it focuses on smart contract platforms and newer chains).

• Polygon & BNB Chain: These popular Ethereum sidechains are widely supported. Polygon is available on BlockEden, Alchemy, Infura (premium), QuickNode, and Chainstack. BNB Smart Chain (BSC) is supported by BlockEden (BSC), QuickNode, and Chainstack. (Alchemy and Infura do not list BSC support, as it’s outside the Ethereum/consensus ecosystem they focus on.)

• Emerging Layer-1s (Aptos, Sui, etc.): This is where BlockEden.xyz shines. It was an early provider for Aptos and Sui, offering RPC and indexer APIs for these Move-language chains at launch. Many competitors did not initially support them. By 2025, some providers like Chainstack have added Aptos and others to their lineup, but BlockEden remains highly regarded in those communities (the report notes BlockEden’s Aptos GraphQL API “cannot be found anywhere else” according to users). Supporting new chains quickly can attract developer communities early – BlockEden’s strategy is to fill the gaps where developers have limited options on new networks.

• Enterprise (Permissioned) Chains: Uniquely, Chainstack supports Hyperledger Fabric, Corda, Quorum, and Multichain, which are important for enterprise blockchain projects (consortia, private ledgers). Most other providers do not cater to these, focusing on public chains. This is part of Chainstack’s enterprise positioning.

In summary, Ethereum and major EVM chains are universally covered, Solana is covered by most except Infura, Bitcoin only by a couple (QuickNode/Chainstack), and newer L1s like Aptos/Sui by BlockEden and now some others. Developers should choose a provider that covers all the networks their dApp needs – hence the advantage of multi-chain providers. The trend toward more chains per provider is clear (e.g. QuickNode ~14, Chainstack 50–70+, Blockdaemon 50+, etc.), but depth of support (robustness on each chain) is equally crucial.

Developer Adoption and Ecosystem Maturity​

The report provides insight into developer adoption trends and the maturity of the ecosystem:

• Developer Usage Growth: Despite the 2022–2023 bear market, on-chain developer activity remained strong. With ~22k monthly active devs in late 2023 (and likely growing again in 2024/25), the demand for easy-to-use infrastructure is steady. Providers are competing not just on raw tech, but on developer experience to attract this base. Features like extensive docs, SDKs, and community support are now expected. For example, BlockEden’s community-centric approach (Discord, 10x.pub guild, hackathons) and QuickNode’s education initiatives aim to build loyalty.

• Free Tier Adoption: The freemium model is driving widespread grassroots usage. Nearly all providers offer a free tier that covers basic project needs (millions of requests per month). The report notes BlockEden’s free tier of 10M daily CUs is deliberately high to remove friction for indie devs. Alchemy and Infura’s free plans (around 3–4M calls per month) helped onboard hundreds of thousands of developers over the years. This strategy seeds the ecosystem with users who can later convert to paid plans as their dApps gain traction. The presence of a robust free tier has become an industry standard – it lowers the barrier for entry, encouraging experimentation and learning.

• Number of Developers on Platforms: Infura historically had the largest user count (over 400k developers as of a few years ago) since it was an early default. Alchemy and QuickNode also grew large user bases (Alchemy’s outreach via its education programs and QuickNode’s focus on Web3 startups helped them sign up many thousands). BlockEden, being newer, reports a community of 6,000+ developers using its platform. While smaller in absolute terms, this is significant given its focus on newer chains – it indicates strong penetration in those ecosystems. The report sets a goal of doubling BlockEden’s active developers by next year, reflecting the overall growth trajectory of the sector.

• Ecosystem Maturity: We are seeing a shift from hype-driven adoption (many new devs flooding in during bull runs) to a more sustainable, mature growth. The drop in “tourist” developers after 2021 means those who remain are more serious, and new entrants in 2024–2025 are often backed by better understanding. This maturation demands more robust infrastructure: experienced teams expect high uptime SLAs, better analytics, and support. Providers have responded by professionalizing services (e.g., offering dedicated account managers for enterprise, publishing status dashboards, etc.). Also, as ecosystems mature, usage patterns are better understood: for instance, NFT-heavy applications might need different optimizations (caching metadata etc.) than DeFi trading bots (needing mempool data and low latency). API providers now offer tailored solutions (e.g. Chainstack’s aforementioned “Trader Node” for low-latency trading data). The presence of industry-specific solutions (gaming APIs, compliance tools, etc., often available through marketplaces or partners) is a sign of a maturing ecosystem serving diverse needs.

• Community and Support: Another aspect of maturity is the formation of active developer communities around these platforms. QuickNode and Alchemy have community forums and Discords; BlockEden’s community (with 4,000+ Web3 builders in its guild) spans Silicon Valley to NYC and globally. This peer support and knowledge sharing accelerates adoption. The report highlights “exceptional 24/7 customer support” as a selling point of BlockEden, with users appreciating the team’s responsiveness. As the tech becomes more complex, this kind of support (and clear documentation) is crucial for onboarding the next wave of developers who may not be as deeply familiar with blockchain internals.

In summary, developer adoption is expanding in a more sustainable way. Providers that invest in the developer experience – free access, good docs, community engagement, and reliable support – are reaping the benefits of loyalty and word-of-mouth in the Web3 dev community. The ecosystem is maturing, but still has plenty of room to grow (new developers entering from Web2, university blockchain clubs, emerging markets, etc., are all targets mentioned for 2025 growth).

Security, Decentralization, and Scalability Considerations​

The report discusses how security, decentralization, and scalability factor into blockchain API infrastructure:

• Reliability & Security of Infrastructure: In the context of API providers, security refers to robust, fault-tolerant infrastructure (since these services do not usually custody funds, the main risks are downtime or data errors). Leading providers emphasize high uptime, redundancy, and DDoS protection. For example, QuickNode’s 99.99% uptime SLA and global load balancing are meant to ensure a dApp doesn’t go down due to an RPC failure. BlockEden cites its 99.9% uptime track record and the trust gained by managing $65M in staked assets securely (implying strong operational security for their nodes). Chainstack’s SOC2 compliance indicates a high standard of security practices and data handling. Essentially, these providers run mission-critical node infrastructure so they treat reliability as paramount – many have 24/7 on-call engineers and monitoring across all regions.

• Centralization Risks: A well-known concern in the Ethereum community is over-reliance on a few infrastructure providers (e.g., Infura). If too much traffic funnels through a single provider, outages or API malfeasance could impact a large portion of the decentralized app ecosystem. The 2025 landscape is improving here – with many strong competitors, the load is more distributed than in 2018 when Infura was almost singular. Nonetheless, the push for decentralization of infra is partly to address this. Projects like Pocket Network (POKT) use a network of independent node runners to serve RPC requests, removing single points of failure. The trade-off has been performance and consistency, but it’s improving. Ankr’s hybrid model (some centralized, some decentralized) similarly aims to decentralize without losing reliability. The BlockEden report acknowledges these decentralized networks as emerging competitors – aligning with Web3 values – even if they aren’t yet as fast or developer-friendly as centralized services. We may see more convergence, e.g., centralized providers adopting some decentralized verification (BlockEden’s vision of a tokenized marketplace is one such hybrid approach).

• Scalability and Throughput: Scalability is two-fold: the ability of the blockchains themselves to scale (higher TPS, etc.) and the ability of infrastructure providers to scale their services to handle growing request volumes. On the first point, 2025 sees many L1s/L2s with high throughput (Solana, new rollups, etc.), which means APIs must handle bursty, high-frequency workloads (e.g., a popular NFT mint on Solana can generate thousands of TPS). Providers have responded by improving their backend – e.g., QuickNode’s architecture to handle billions of requests per day, Chainstack’s “Unlimited” nodes, and BlockEden’s use of both cloud and bare-metal servers for performance. The report notes that on-chain activity hitting all-time highs is driving demand for node services, so scalability of the API platform is crucial. Many providers now showcase their throughput capabilities (for instance, QuickNode’s higher-tier plans allowing billions of requests, or Chainstack highlighting “unbounded performance” in their marketing).

• Global Latency: Part of scalability is reducing latency by geographic distribution. If an API endpoint is only in one region, users across the globe will have slower responses. Thus, geo-distributed RPC nodes and CDNs are standard now. Providers like Alchemy and QuickNode have data centers across multiple continents. Chainstack offers regional endpoints (and even product tiers specifically for latency-sensitive use cases). BlockEden also runs nodes in multiple regions to enhance decentralization and speed (the report mentions plans to operate nodes across key regions to improve network resilience and performance). This ensures that as user bases grow worldwide, the service scales geographically.

• Security of Data and Requests: While not explicitly about APIs, the report briefly touches on regulatory and security considerations (e.g., BlockEden’s research into the Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act indicating attention to compliant operations). For enterprise clients, things like encryption, secure APIs, and maybe ISO certifications can matter. On a more blockchain-specific note, RPC providers can also add security features like frontrunning protection (some offer private TX relay options) or automated retries for failed transactions. Coinbase Cloud and others have pitched “secure relay” features. The report’s focus is more on infrastructure reliability as security, but it’s worth noting that as these services embed deeper into financial apps, their security posture (uptime, attack resistance) becomes part of the overall security of the Web3 ecosystem.

In summary, scalability and security are being addressed through high-performance infrastructure and diversification. The competitive landscape means providers strive for the highest uptime and throughput. At the same time, decentralized alternatives are growing to mitigate centralization risk. The combination of both will likely define the next stage: a blend of reliable performance with decentralized trustlessness.

Use Cases and Applications Driving API Demand​

Blockchain API providers service a wide array of use cases. The report highlights several domains that are notably reliant on these APIs in 2025:

• Decentralized Finance (DeFi): DeFi applications (DEXs, lending platforms, derivatives, etc.) rely heavily on reliable blockchain data. They need to fetch on-chain state (balances, smart contract reads) and send transactions continuously. Many top DeFi projects use services like Alchemy or Infura to scale. For example, Aave and MakerDAO use Alchemy infrastructure. APIs also provide archive node data needed for analytics and historical queries in DeFi. With DeFi continuing to grow, especially on Layer-2 networks and multi-chain deployments, having multi-chain API support and low latency is crucial (e.g., arbitrage bots benefit from mempool data and fast transactions – some providers offer dedicated low-latency endpoints for this reason). The report implies that lowering costs (via L2s and new chains) is boosting on-chain DeFi usage, which in turn increases API calls.

• NFTs and Gaming: NFT marketplaces (like OpenSea) and blockchain games generate significant read volume (metadata, ownership checks) and write volume (minting, transfers). OpenSea is a notable Alchemy customer, likely due to Alchemy’s NFT API which simplifies querying NFT data across Ethereum and Polygon. QuickNode’s cross-chain NFT API is also aimed at this segment. Blockchain games often run on chains like Solana, Polygon, or specific sidechains – providers that support those networks (and offer high TPS handling) are in demand. The report doesn’t explicitly name gaming clients, but it mentions Web3 gaming and metaverse projects as growing segments (and BlockEden’s own support for things like AI integration could relate to gaming/NFT metaverse apps). In-game transactions and marketplaces constantly ping node APIs for state updates.

• Enterprise & Web2 Integration: Traditional companies venturing into blockchain (payments, supply chain, identity, etc.) prefer managed solutions. The report notes that fintech and e-commerce platforms are adding crypto payments and exchange features – many of these use third-party APIs rather than reinvent the wheel. For example, payment processors can use blockchain APIs for crypto transfers, or banks can use node services to query chain data for custody solutions. The report suggests increasing interest from enterprises and even mentions targeting regions like the Middle East and Asia where enterprise blockchain adoption is rising. A concrete example: Visa has worked with QuickNode for some blockchain pilots, and Meta (Facebook) uses Alchemy for certain blockchain projects. Enterprise use cases also include analytics and compliance – e.g., querying blockchain for risk analysis, which some providers accommodate through custom APIs or by supporting specialized chains (like Chainstack supporting Corda for trade finance consortia). BlockEden’s report indicates that landing a few enterprise case studies is a goal to drive mainstream adoption.

• Web3 Startups and DApps: Of course, the bread-and-butter use case is any decentralized application – from wallets to social dApps to DAOs. Web3 startups rely on API providers to avoid running nodes for each chain. Many hackathon projects use free tiers of these services. Areas like Decentralized Social Media, DAO tooling, identity (DID) systems, and infrastructure protocols themselves all need reliable RPC access. The report’s growth strategy for BlockEden specifically mentions targeting early-stage projects and hackathons globally – indicating that a constant wave of new dApps is coming online that prefer not to worry about node ops.

• Specialized Services (AI, Oracles, etc.): Interestingly, the convergence of AI and blockchain is producing use cases where blockchain APIs and AI services intersect. BlockEden’s exploration of “AI-to-earn” (Cuckoo Network partnership) and permissionless AI inference on its platform shows one angle. Oracles and data services (Chainlink, etc.) might use base infrastructure from these providers as well. While not a traditional “user” of APIs, these infrastructure layers themselves sometimes build on each other – for instance, an analytics platform may use a blockchain API to gather data to feed to its users.

Overall, the demand for blockchain API services is broad – from hobbyist developers to Fortune 500 companies. DeFi and NFTs were the initial catalysts (2019–2021) that proved the need for scalable APIs. By 2025, enterprise and novel Web3 sectors (social, gaming, AI) are expanding the market further. Each use case has its own requirements (throughput, latency, historical data, security) and providers are tailoring solutions to meet them.

Notably, the report includes quotes and examples from industry leaders that illustrate these use cases:

• “Over 1,000 coins across 185 blockchains are supported… allowing access to 330k+ trade pairs,” one exchange API provider touts – highlighting the depth of support needed for crypto exchange functionality.
• “A partner reported a 130% increase in monthly txn volume in four months” after integrating a turnkey API – underlining how using a solid API can accelerate growth for a crypto business.
• The inclusion of such insights underscores that robust APIs are enabling real growth in applications.

Industry Insights and Commentary​

The BlockEden report is interwoven with insights from across the industry, reflecting a consensus on the direction of blockchain infrastructure. Some notable commentary and observations:

• Multi-chain Future: As quoted in the report, “the reality is there are five to six hundred blockchains” out there. This perspective (originally from Electric Capital’s developer report or a similar source) emphasizes that the future is plural, not singular. Infrastructure must adapt to this fragmentation. Even the dominant providers acknowledge this – e.g., Alchemy and Infura (once almost solely Ethereum-focused) are now adding multiple chains, and venture capital is flowing to startups focusing on niche protocol support. The ability to support many chains (and to do so quickly as new ones emerge) is viewed as a key success factor.

• Importance of Performance: The report cites QuickNode’s performance edge (2.5× faster) which likely comes from a benchmarking study. This has been echoed by developers – latency and speed matter, especially for end-user facing apps (wallets, trading platforms). Industry leaders often stress that web3 apps must feel as smooth as web2, and that starts with fast, reliable infrastructure. Thus, the arms race in performance (e.g., globally distributed nodes, optimized networking, mempool acceleration) is expected to continue.

• Enterprise Validation: The fact that household names like Google, Coinbase, Visa, Meta are using or investing in these API providers is a strong validation of the sector. It’s mentioned that QuickNode attracted major investors like SoftBank and Tiger Global, and Alchemy’s $10B valuation speaks for itself. Industry commentary around 2024/2025 often noted that “picks-and-shovels” of crypto (i.e., infrastructure) were a smart play even during bear markets. This report reinforces that notion: the companies providing the underpinnings of Web3 are becoming critical infrastructure companies in their own right, drawing interest from traditional tech firms and VCs.

• Competitive Differentiation: There’s a nuanced take in the report that no single competitor offers the exact combination of services BlockEden does (multi-chain APIs + indexing + staking). This highlights how each provider is carving a niche: Alchemy with dev tools, QuickNode with pure speed and breadth, Chainstack with enterprise/private chain focus, BlockEden with emerging chains and integrated services. Industry leaders often comment that the pie is growing, so differentiation is key to capturing certain segments rather than a winner-takes-all scenario. The presence of Moralis (web3 SDK approach) and Blockdaemon/Coinbase Cloud (staking-heavy approach) further proves the point – different strategies to infrastructure exist.

• Decentralization vs. Centralization: Thought leaders in the space (like Ethereum’s Vitalik Buterin) have frequently raised concerns about reliance on centralized APIs. The report’s discussion of Pocket Network and others mirrors those concerns and shows that even companies running centralized services are planning for a more decentralized future (BlockEden’s tokenized marketplace concept, etc.). An insightful comment from the report is that BlockEden aims to offer “the reliability of centralized infra with the openness of a marketplace” – an approach likely applauded by decentralization proponents if achieved.

• Regulatory Climate: While not a focus of the question, it’s worth noting the report touches on regulatory and legal issues in passing (the mention of the Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act, etc.). This implies that infrastructure providers are keeping an eye on laws that might affect node operation or data privacy. For instance, Europe’s GDPR and how it applies to node data, or US regulations on running blockchain services. Industry commentary on this suggests that clearer regulation (e.g., defining that non-custodial blockchain service providers aren’t money transmitters) will further boost the space by removing ambiguity.

Conclusion: The State of Blockchain APIs 2025 is one of a rapidly evolving, growing infrastructure landscape. Key takeaways include the shift to multi-chain support, a competitive field of providers each with unique offerings, massive growth in usage aligned with the overall crypto market expansion, and an ongoing tension (and balance) between performance and decentralization. Blockchain API providers have become critical enablers for all kinds of Web3 applications – from DeFi and NFTs to enterprise integrations – and their role will only expand as blockchain technology becomes more ubiquitous. The report underscores that success in this arena requires not only strong technology and uptime, but also community engagement, developer-first design, and agility in supporting the next big protocol or use case. In essence, the “state” of blockchain APIs in 2025 is robust and optimistic: a foundational layer of Web3 that is maturing quickly and primed for further growth.

Sources: This analysis is based on the State of Blockchain APIs 2025 report by BlockEden.xyz and related data. Key insights and quotations have been drawn directly from the report, as well as supplemental information from provider documentation and industry articles for completeness. All source links are provided inline for reference.

Why BlockEden.xyz Cares​

In the fast-paced world of Web3, speed is everything. Shipping production-grade RPC and staking infrastructure requires our team and our community to constantly be at the forefront of innovation. This means staying on top of dense protocols, groundbreaking cryptography papers, and rapidly evolving governance threads. The faster our community can absorb and understand new ideas, the faster they can build the next generation of decentralized applications. This is where BeFreed.ai comes in.

What BeFreed.ai Is​

BeFreed.ai is a San-Francisco-based startup with a simple yet powerful mission: to make learning joyful and personal in the age of AI. They’ve created an intelligent micro-learning companion designed to fit the demanding lifestyles of builders and creators.

Core Ingredients:​

• Multiple formats → one click: BeFreed.ai can take a wide range of content—from lengthy books and detailed videos to complex technical documents—and instantly transform it into quick summaries, flashcards, in-depth notes, and even podcast-style audio.
• Adaptive engine: The platform is designed to learn alongside you. It pays attention to your learning pace and interests, surfacing the most relevant information next, rather than forcing you through a rigid, one-size-fits-all curriculum.
• Built-in chat & “Why-this” explainers: Have a question? Just ask. BeFreed.ai allows for on-the-fly inquiries to clarify complex topics. It also provides explanations that connect new insights back to your overarching goals, making the learning process more meaningful.
• A 43k-strong learning community: Learning is often a communal activity. BeFreed.ai fosters a vibrant community of over 43,000 learners who share their progress, react to insightful content, and highlight key takeaways, keeping motivation and momentum high.

Why It Matters to BlockEden.xyz Builders​

For the dedicated builders in the BlockEden.xyz ecosystem, BeFreed.ai is more than just a learning tool; it’s a strategic advantage. Here’s how it can sharpen your edge:

• Time leverage: Turn a 300-page whitepaper into a concise 10-minute audio brief to listen to before a crucial governance vote.
• Context retention: Use flashcards and mind-maps to solidify your understanding of protocol details that you’ll need when writing smart-contract indexes.
• Cross-skill growth: Expand your skill set without ever leaving your development environment. Pick up the basics of design thinking, understand growth loops, or get tips on Go concurrency in your downtime.
• Shared vocabulary: Create team-level playlists to ensure that every contributor is learning from the same distilled and consistent source of information, fostering better collaboration and alignment.

Using BeFreed with BlockEden.xyz Workflows​

Integrating BeFreed.ai into your existing development process is seamless and immediately beneficial:

1. Drop a spec: Paste the URL of the latest tokenomics PDF or a YouTube developer call into BeFreed for an instant, digestible summary.
2. Export flashcards: Review key concepts during CI runs. This form of repetition is far more effective than the mental fatigue that comes from constant context-switching.
3. Link in docs: Embed a BeFreed summary URL next to each API reference in your documentation to help new team members get up to speed faster.
4. Stay current: Set up weekly digests in BeFreed on emerging L2s and immediately put that knowledge into practice by prototyping with BlockEden.xyz’s multi-chain RPC services.

Get Started​

BeFreed.ai is available now on iOS, Android, and the web. We encourage you to try it out during your next BlockEden.xyz project sprint and experience how it can enhance your learning and building velocity. Our team is already exploring tighter integrations—imagine a future where a webhook automatically turns every merged PR description into a comprehensive study set.

If you want a fast route to sharpen your skills, meet co-founders, and pressure-test an idea, few environments beat a web3 hackathon. But the difference between a “fun weekend” and a “career-changing launch” is a plan.

This guide gives you a concrete, builder-first playbook: how to pick the right event, prep smart, build fast, and present with clarity—plus checklists you can copy-paste into your next hack.

TL;DR​

• Pick events intentionally. Favor ecosystems you already ship in—or ones with judges and sponsors who are perfectly aligned with your idea.
• Decide your win condition. Are you there for learning, a specific bounty, or a finalist spot? Each choice changes your team, scope, and stack.
• Pre-bake the boring stuff. Have your project scaffolds, auth flows, wallet connections, design system, and a demo script outline ready before the clock starts.
• Build the smallest lovable demo. Show one killer feature loop working end-to-end. Everything else is just narrative and slides.
• Submit like a pro. Respect the “start fresh” rules, formally register for every bounty track you target, and reserve significant time for a tight video and a clear README.

Why web3 hackathons are worth your weekend​

• Compressed learning: In a single weekend, you’ll touch infrastructure, smart contracts, front-end UX, and deployment pipelines. It’s a full development cycle in 48 hours—a learning curve that would normally take months.
• High-signal networking: The mentors, judges, and sponsor engineers aren't just names on a website; they are concentrated in one room or Discord server, ready to give feedback. This is your chance to connect with the core developers of the protocols you use every day.
• Real funding paths: This isn't just for bragging rights. Prize pools and follow-on grants can provide meaningful capital to keep a project going. Events like Solana’s Summer Camp have offered up to $5M in prizes and seed funding, turning weekend projects into viable startups.
• A portfolio of proof: A public GitHub repository with a functional demo is infinitely more valuable than a bullet point on a résumé. It's tangible proof that you can build, ship, and articulate an idea under pressure.

Where to find the good ones​

• ETHGlobal: The gold standard for both in-person and asynchronous events. They feature robust judging processes, high-quality participants, and public project showcases that are perfect for inspiration.
• Devpost: A broad marketplace for all kinds of hackathons, with strong filters for blockchain, specific protocols, and prize tracks. It's a great place to discover ecosystem-specific events.
• DoraHacks: A platform focused on ecosystem-driven web3 hackathons and grant rounds, often with a global and community-centric feel.

Tip: Durations vary widely. A long-form async event like ETHOnline runs for multiple weeks, while an extended in-person sprint like ETHDenver’s #BUIDLathon can last up to nine days. You must plan your project’s scope accordingly.

Decode the rules (so you don’t DQ yourself)​

• “Start Fresh.” This is the most common and critical rule. Most events require that all substantial work begins after the official kickoff. Using older, pre-written code for core logic can get you disqualified from finals and partner prizes. Boilerplate is usually fine, but the secret sauce has to be new.
• Judging structure. Understand the funnel. Often, an async screening round narrows hundreds of projects down to a finalist pool before live judging begins. Knowing this helps you focus on making your submission video and README as clear as possible for that first cut.
• Team sizing. Don't show up with a team of ten. Many events set limits, such as the typical 2–4 person teams seen at ETHDenver. This ensures a level playing field and encourages tight collaboration.
• Bounty mechanics. You can’t win a prize you didn’t register for. If you’re targeting sponsor bounties, you often must formally enroll your project for each specific prize through the event platform. This is a simple step that many teams forget.

Judging rubric: what “good” looks like​

Across major organizers, judges are typically evaluating projects across four recurring buckets. Design your scope and demo to score points in each.

• Technicality: Is the problem non-trivial? Does the solution involve a clever or elegant use of technology? Did you go beyond a simple front-end wrapper on a single smart contract?
• Originality: Is there a novel mechanism, a unique user experience, or a clever remix of existing primitives? Have we seen this a hundred times before, or does it present a fresh take?
• Practicality: Can someone use this today? A complete, end-to-end user journey, even if narrow, matters far more than a project with broad but half-finished features.
• Usability (UI/UX/DX): Is the interface clear, fast, and pleasant to use? For developer tools, how good is the developer experience? A smooth onboarding and clear error handling can set you apart.

Team design: small, sharp, complementary​

For speed and alignment, a team of two to four is the sweet spot. It's large enough to parallelize work but small enough to make decisions without endless debate.

• Smart contracts / protocol: Owns the on-chain logic. Responsible for writing, testing, and deploying the contracts.
• Front-end / DX: Builds the user interface. Manages wallet connections, data fetching, error states, and the final demo polish that makes the project feel real.
• Product / story: The scope keeper and narrator. This person ensures the team stays focused on the core loop, writes the project description, and runs the final demo.
• (Optional) Designer: A dedicated designer can be a secret weapon, preparing components, icons, and micro-interactions that elevate the project's perceived quality.

Idea selection: the P-A-C-E filter​

Use this simple filter to pressure-test your ideas before writing a single line of code.

• Pain: Does this solve a real developer or user pain point? Think wallet UX, data indexing, MEV protection, or fee abstraction. Avoid solutions looking for a problem.
• Atomicity: Can you build and demo a single, atomic loop end-to-end in 48 hours? Not the whole vision—just one complete, satisfying user action.
• Composable: Does your idea lean on existing primitives like oracles, account abstraction, or cross-chain messaging? Using battle-tested lego blocks helps you go further, faster.
• Ecosystem fit: Is your project visible and relevant to the event’s judges, sponsors, and audience? Don’t pitch a complex DeFi protocol on a gaming-focused track.

If you’re bounty-driven, pick one primary and one secondary sponsor track. Spreading your focus across too many bounties dilutes your depth and chances of winning any of them.

Default stacks that fight you less​

Your novelty should be in what you build, not how you build it. Stick to boring, reliable technology.

EVM track (fast path)

• Contracts: Foundry (for its speed in testing, scripting, and running a local node).
• Front-end: Next.js or Vite, combined with wagmi or viem and a wallet kit like RainbowKit or ConnectKit for modals and connectors.
• Data/indexing: A hosted indexer or subgraph service if you need to query historical data. Avoid running your own infrastructure.
• Off-chain triggers: A simple job runner or a dedicated automation service.
• Storage: IPFS or Filecoin for assets and metadata; a simple KV store for session state.

Solana track (fast path)

• Programs: Anchor (to cut down on boilerplate and benefit from safer defaults).
• Client: React or a mobile framework with the Solana Mobile SDKs. Use simple hooks for RPC and program calls.
• Data: Rely on direct RPC calls or ecosystem indexers. Cache aggressively to keep the UI snappy.
• Storage: Arweave or IPFS for permanent asset storage if relevant.

A realistic 48-hour plan​

T-24 to T-0 (before kickoff)

• Align on your win condition (learning, bounty, finals) and target track(s).
• Sketch the full demo loop on paper or a whiteboard. Know exactly what you’ll click and what should happen on-chain and off-chain at each step.
• Fork a clean monorepo scaffold that includes boilerplate for both your contracts and your front-end app.
• Pre-write your README outline and a rough draft of your demo script.

Hour 0–6

• Validate your scope with event mentors and sponsors. Confirm the bounty criteria and ensure your idea is a good fit.
• Set hard constraints: one chain, one primary use-case, and one "wow" moment for the demo.
• Divide the work into 90-minute sprints. Your goal is to ship the first full vertical slice of your core loop by Hour 6.

Hour 6–24

• Harden the critical path. Test both the happy path and common edge cases.
• Add observability. Implement basic logs, UI toasts, and error boundaries so you can debug quickly.
• Create a minimal landing page that clearly explains the "why" behind your project.

Hour 24–40

• Record a backup demo video as soon as the core feature is stable. Do not wait until the last minute.
• Start writing and editing your final submission text, video, and README.
• If time permits, add one or two thoughtful flourishes, like great empty states, a gasless transaction, or a helpful code snippet in your docs.

Hour 40–48

• Freeze all features. No more new code.
• Finalize your video and submission package. Experienced winners often recommend reserving ~15% of your total time for polish and creating a video with a clear 60/40 split between explaining the problem and demoing the solution.

Demo & submission: make judges’ jobs easy​

• Open with the “why.” Start your video and README with a single sentence explaining the problem and your solution’s outcome.
• Live the loop. Show, don't just tell. Walk through a single, credible user journey from start to finish without skipping steps.
• Narrate your constraints. Acknowledge what you didn't build and why. Saying, “We scoped this to a single use case to ensure real users can complete the flow today,” shows focus and maturity.
• Leave clear markers. Your README should have an architecture diagram, links to your live demo and deployed contracts, and simple, one-click steps to run the project locally.
• Video basics. Plan your video early, script it tightly, and ensure it clearly highlights what the project does, what problem it solves, and how it works under the hood.

Bounties without burnout​

• Register for each prize you target. On some platforms, this involves an explicit “Start Work” button click.
• Don’t chase more than two sponsor bounties unless their technologies naturally overlap in your stack.
• In your submission, mirror their rubric. Use their keywords, reference their APIs by name, and explain how you met their specific success metrics.

After the hackathon: turn momentum into traction​

• Publish a short blog post and a social media thread with your demo link and GitHub repository. Tag the event and sponsors.
• Apply to grants and accelerator rounds that are specifically designed for hackathon alumni and early-stage open-source projects.
• If the reception is strong, create a simple one-week roadmap focused on bug fixes, a UX pass, and a tiny pilot with a few users. Set a hard date for a v0.1 release to maintain momentum.

Common pitfalls (and the fix)​

• Breaking “start fresh” rules. The fix: Keep any prior code completely out of scope or declare it explicitly as a pre-existing library you’re using.
• Over-scoping. The fix: If your planned demo has three major steps, cut one. Be ruthless about focusing on the core loop.
• Going multi-chain too early. The fix: Ship on one chain perfectly. Talk about your plans for bridges and cross-chain support in the "What's next" section of your README.
• The last-minute polish tax. The fix: Pre-allocate a 4-6 hour block at the end of the hackathon exclusively for your README, video, and submission form.
• Forgetting to enroll in bounties. The fix: Make this one of the first things you do after kickoff. Register for every potential prize so sponsors can find and support your team.

Checklists you can copy​

Submission pack

• Repo (MIT/Apache-2.0 license), concise README, and local run steps
• Short Loom/MP4 demo video + a backup recording
• Simple architecture diagram (one slide or image)
• One-pager: problem → solution → who cares → what’s next
• Links: live frontend, contract addresses on a block explorer

IRL packing list

• Extension cord and power strip
• Headphones and a decent microphone
• HDMI/USB-C display dongles
• Refillable water bottle and electrolytes
• Your favorite comfortable keyboard/mouse (if you’re picky)

Rules sanity check

• Start-fresh policy understood and followed
• Team size is within the event’s bounds (if applicable)
• Judging flow (async vs. live) is noted
• All target bounties are formally registered (“Start Work” or equivalent)

Useful links for your next hack​

• Find events: Check out the ETHGlobal events calendar, the Devpost blockchain hub, and DoraHacks for upcoming competitions.
• Get inspired: Browse the ETHGlobal Showcase to see winning demos and explore their code.
• EVM scaffolding: Review the Foundry documentation and quickstart guides.
• Solana scaffolding: Look at the Anchor documentation and its “basics” guide.
• Video tips: Search for guides on how to craft a crisp and compelling demo video.

Final note​

Hackathons reward clarity under constraint. Pick a narrow problem, lean on boring tools, and obsess over creating one delightful, end-to-end moment. Do that, and you’ll learn a tremendous amount—even if your name isn’t on the winners slide this time. And if it is, you’ll have earned it.