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· 11 min read

On November 13, 2024, 0G Labs announced a $40 million funding round led by Hack VC, Delphi Digital, OKX Ventures, Samsung Next, and Animoca Brands, thrusting the team behind this decentralized AI operating system into the spotlight. Their modular approach combines decentralized storage, data availability verification, and decentralized settlement to enable AI applications on-chain. But can they realistically achieve GB/s-level throughput to fuel the next era of AI adoption on Web3? This in-depth report evaluates 0G’s architecture, incentive mechanics, ecosystem traction, and potential pitfalls, aiming to help you gauge whether 0G can deliver on its promise.

Background​

The AI sector has been on a meteoric rise, catalyzed by large language models like ChatGPT and ERNIE Bot. Yet AI is more than just chatbots and generative text; it also includes everything from AlphaGo’s Go victories to image generation tools like MidJourney. The holy grail that many developers pursue is a general-purpose AI, or AGI (Artificial General Intelligence)—colloquially described as an AI “Agent” capable of learning, perception, decision-making, and complex execution similar to human intelligence.

However, both AI and AI Agent applications are extremely data-intensive. They rely on massive datasets for training and inference. Traditionally, this data is stored and processed on centralized infrastructure. With the advent of blockchain, a new approach known as DeAI (Decentralized AI) has emerged. DeAI attempts to leverage decentralized networks for data storage, sharing, and verification to overcome the pitfalls of traditional, centralized AI solutions.

0G Labs stands out in this DeAI infrastructure landscape, aiming to build a decentralized AI operating system known simply as 0G.

What Is 0G Labs?​

In traditional computing, an Operating System (OS) manages hardware and software resources—think Microsoft Windows, Linux, macOS, iOS, or Android. An OS abstracts away the complexity of the underlying hardware, making it easier for both end-users and developers to interact with the computer.

By analogy, the 0G OS aspires to fulfill a similar role in Web3:

  • Manage decentralized storage, compute, and data availability.
  • Simplify on-chain AI application deployment.

Why decentralization? Conventional AI systems store and process data in centralized silos, raising concerns around data transparency, user privacy, and fair compensation for data providers. 0G’s approach uses decentralized storage, cryptographic proofs, and open incentive models to mitigate these risks.

The name “0G” stands for “Zero Gravity.” The team envisions an environment where data exchange and computation feel “weightless”—everything from AI training to inference and data availability happens seamlessly on-chain.

The 0G Foundation, formally established in October 2024, drives this initiative. Its stated mission is to make AI a public good—one that is accessible, verifiable, and open to all.

Key Components of the 0G Operating System​

Fundamentally, 0G is a modular architecture designed specifically to support AI applications on-chain. Its three primary pillars are:

  1. 0G Storage – A decentralized storage network.
  2. 0G DA (Data Availability) – A specialized data availability layer ensuring data integrity.
  3. 0G Compute Network – Decentralized compute resource management and settlement for AI inference (and eventually training).

These pillars work in concert under the umbrella of a Layer1 network called 0G Chain, which is responsible for consensus and settlement.

According to the 0G Whitepaper (“0G: Towards Data Availability 2.0”), both the 0G Storage and 0G DA layers build on top of 0G Chain. Developers can launch multiple custom PoS consensus networks, each functioning as part of the 0G DA and 0G Storage framework. This modular approach means that as system load grows, 0G can dynamically add new validator sets or specialized nodes to scale out.

0G Storage​

0G Storage is a decentralized storage system geared for large-scale data. It uses distributed nodes with built-in incentives for storing user data. Crucially, it splits data into smaller, redundant “chunks” using Erasure Coding (EC), distributing these chunks across different storage nodes. If a node fails, data can still be reconstructed from redundant chunks.

Supported Data Types​

0G Storage accommodates both structured and unstructured data.

  1. Structured Data is stored in a Key-Value (KV) layer, suitable for dynamic and frequently updated information (think databases, collaborative documents, etc.).
  2. Unstructured Data is stored in a Log layer which appends data entries chronologically. This layer is akin to a file system optimized for large-scale, append-only workloads.

By stacking a KV layer on top of the Log layer, 0G Storage can serve diverse AI application needs—from storing large model weights (unstructured) to dynamic user-based data or real-time metrics (structured).

PoRA Consensus​

PoRA (Proof of Random Access) ensures storage nodes actually hold the chunks they claim to store. Here’s how it works:

  • Storage miners are periodically challenged to produce cryptographic hashes of specific random data chunks they store.
  • They must respond by generating a valid hash (similar to PoW-like puzzle-solving) derived from their local copy of the data.

To level the playing field, the system limits mining competitions to 8 TB segments. A large miner can subdivide its hardware into multiple 8 TB partitions, while smaller miners compete within a single 8 TB boundary.

Incentive Design​

Data in 0G Storage is divided into 8 GB “Pricing Segments.” Each segment has both a donation pool and a reward pool. Users who wish to store data pay a fee in 0G Token (ZG), which partially funds node rewards.

  • Base Reward: When a storage node submits valid PoRA proofs, it gets immediate block rewards for that segment.
  • Ongoing Reward: Over time, the donation pool releases a portion (currently ~4% per year) into the reward pool, incentivizing nodes to store data permanently. The fewer the nodes storing a particular segment, the larger the share each node can earn.

Users only pay once for permanent storage, but must set a donation fee above a system minimum. The higher the donation, the more likely miners are to replicate the user’s data.

Royalty Mechanism: 0G Storage also includes a “royalty” or “data sharing” mechanism. Early storage providers create “royalty records” for each data chunk. If new nodes want to store that same chunk, the original node can share it. When the new node later proves storage (via PoRA), the original data provider receives an ongoing royalty. The more widely replicated the data, the higher the aggregate reward for early providers.

Comparisons with Filecoin and Arweave​

Similarities:

  • All three incentivize decentralized data storage.
  • Both 0G Storage and Arweave aim for permanent storage.
  • Data chunking and redundancy are standard approaches.

Key Differences:

  • Native Integration: 0G Storage is not an independent blockchain; it’s integrated directly with 0G Chain and primarily supports AI-centric use cases.
  • Structured Data: 0G supports KV-based structured data alongside unstructured data, which is critical for many AI workloads requiring frequent read-write access.
  • Cost: 0G claims $10–11/TB for permanent storage, reportedly cheaper than Arweave.
  • Performance Focus: Specifically designed to meet AI throughput demands, whereas Filecoin or Arweave are more general-purpose decentralized storage networks.

0G DA (Data Availability Layer)​

Data availability ensures that every network participant can fully verify and retrieve transaction data. If the data is incomplete or withheld, the blockchain’s trust assumptions break.

In the 0G system, data is chunked and stored off-chain. The system records Merkle roots for these data chunks, and DA nodes must sample these chunks to ensure they match the Merkle root and erasure-coding commitments. Only then is the data deemed “available” and appended into the chain’s consensus state.

DA Node Selection and Incentives​

  • DA nodes must stake ZG to participate.
  • They’re grouped into quorums randomly via Verifiable Random Functions (VRFs).
  • Each node only validates a subset of data. If 2/3 of a quorum confirm the data as available and correct, they sign a proof that’s aggregated and submitted to the 0G consensus network.
  • Reward distribution also happens through periodic sampling. Only the nodes storing randomly sampled chunks are eligible for that round’s rewards.

Comparison with Celestia and EigenLayer​

0G DA draws on ideas from Celestia (data availability sampling) and EigenLayer (restaking) but aims to provide higher throughput. Celestia’s throughput currently hovers around 10 MB/s with ~12-second block times. Meanwhile, EigenDA primarily serves Layer2 solutions and can be complex to implement. 0G envisions GB/s throughput, which better suits large-scale AI workloads that can exceed 50–100 GB/s of data ingestion.

0G Compute Network​

0G Compute Network serves as the decentralized computing layer. It’s evolving in phases:

  • Phase 1: Focus on settlement for AI inference.
  • The network matches “AI model buyers” (users) with compute providers (sellers) in a decentralized marketplace. Providers register their services and prices in a smart contract. Users pre-fund the contract, consume the service, and the contract mediates payment.
  • Over time, the team hopes to expand to full-blown AI training on-chain, though that’s more complex.

Batch Processing: Providers can batch user requests to reduce on-chain overhead, improving efficiency and lowering costs.

0G Chain​

0G Chain is a Layer1 network serving as the foundation for 0G’s modular architecture. It underpins:

  • 0G Storage (via smart contracts)
  • 0G DA (data availability proofs)
  • 0G Compute (settlement mechanisms)

Per official docs, 0G Chain is EVM-compatible, enabling easy integration for dApps that require advanced data storage, availability, or compute.

0G Consensus Network​

0G’s consensus mechanism is somewhat unique. Rather than a single monolithic consensus layer, multiple independent consensus networks can be launched under 0G to handle different workloads. These networks share the same staking base:

  • Shared Staking: Validators stake ZG on Ethereum. If a validator misbehaves, their staked ZG on Ethereum can be slashed.
  • Scalability: New consensus networks can be spun up to scale horizontally.

Reward Mechanism: When validators finalize blocks in the 0G environment, they receive tokens. However, the tokens they earn on 0G Chain are burned in the local environment, and the validator’s Ethereum-based account is minted an equivalent amount, ensuring a single point of liquidity and security.

0G Token (ZG)​

ZG is an ERC-20 token representing the backbone of 0G’s economy. It’s minted, burned, and circulated via smart contracts on Ethereum. In practical terms:

  • Users pay for storage, data availability, and compute resources in ZG.
  • Miners and validators earn ZG for proving storage or validating data.
  • Shared staking ties the security model back to Ethereum.

Summary of Key Modules​

0G OS merges four components—Storage, DA, Compute, and Chain—into one interconnected, modular stack. The system’s design goal is scalability, with each layer horizontally extensible. The team touts the potential for “infinite” throughput, especially crucial for large-scale AI tasks.

0G Ecosystem​

Although relatively new, the 0G ecosystem already includes key integration partners:

  1. Infrastructure & Tooling:

    • ZK solutions like Union, Brevis, Gevulot
    • Cross-chain solutions like Axelar
    • Restaking protocols like EigenLayer, Babylon, PingPong
    • Decentralized GPU providers IoNet, exaBits
    • Oracle solutions Hemera, Redstone
    • Indexing tools for Ethereum blob data

  2. Projects Using 0G for Data Storage & DA:

    • Polygon, Optimism (OP), Arbitrum, Manta for L2 / L3 integration
    • Nodekit, AltLayer for Web3 infrastructure
    • Blade Games, Shrapnel for on-chain gaming

Supply Side​

ZK and Cross-chain frameworks connect 0G to external networks. Restaking solutions (e.g., EigenLayer, Babylon) strengthen security and possibly attract liquidity. GPU networks accelerate erasure coding. Oracle solutions feed off-chain data or reference AI model pricing.

Demand Side​

AI Agents can tap 0G for both data storage and inference. L2s and L3s can integrate 0G’s DA to improve throughput. Gaming and other dApps requiring robust data solutions can store assets, logs, or scoring systems on 0G. Some have already partnered with the project, pointing to early ecosystem traction.

Roadmap & Risk Factors​

0G aims to make AI a public utility, accessible and verifiable by anyone. The team aspires to GB/s-level DA throughput—crucial for real-time AI training that can demand 50–100 GB/s of data transfer.

Co-founder & CEO Michael Heinrich has stated that the explosive growth of AI makes timely iteration critical. The pace of AI innovation is fast; 0G’s own dev progress must keep up.

Potential Trade-Offs:

  • Current reliance on shared staking might be an intermediate solution. Eventually, 0G plans to introduce a horizontally scalable consensus layer that can be incrementally augmented (akin to spinning up new AWS nodes).
  • Market Competition: Many specialized solutions exist for decentralized storage, data availability, and compute. 0G’s all-in-one approach must stay compelling.
  • Adoption & Ecosystem Growth: Without robust developer traction, the promised “unlimited throughput” remains theoretical.
  • Sustainability of Incentives: Ongoing motivation for nodes depends on real user demand and an equilibrium token economy.

Conclusion​

0G attempts to unify decentralized storage, data availability, and compute into a single “operating system” supporting on-chain AI. By targeting GB/s throughput, the team seeks to break the performance barrier that currently deters large-scale AI from migrating on-chain. If successful, 0G could significantly accelerate the Web3 AI wave by providing a scalable, integrated, and developer-friendly infrastructure.

Still, many open questions remain. The viability of “infinite throughput” hinges on whether 0G’s modular consensus and incentive structures can seamlessly scale. External factors—market demand, node uptime, developer adoption—will also determine 0G’s staying power. Nonetheless, 0G’s approach to addressing AI’s data bottlenecks is novel and ambitious, hinting at a promising new paradigm for on-chain AI.

· 5 min read
Dora Noda

BlockEden.xyz, known for its Remote Procedure Call (RPC) infrastructure, is expanding into AI inference services. This evolution leverages its open-source, permissionless design to create a marketplace where model researchers, hardware operators, API providers, and users interact seamlessly. The network's Relay Mining algorithm ensures a transparent and verifiable service, presenting a unique opportunity for large model AI researchers to monetize their work without infrastructure maintenance.

The Core Problem​

The AI landscape faces significant challenges, including:

  • Restricted Model-Serving Environments: Resource-intensive infrastructure limits AI researchers' ability to experiment with various models.
  • Unsustainable Business Models for Open Source Innovation: Independent engineers struggle to monetize their work, relying on major infrastructure providers.
  • Unequal Market Access: Enterprise-grade models dominate, leaving mid-tier models and users underserved.

BlockEden.xyz’s Unique Value Proposition​

BlockEden.xyz addresses these issues by decoupling the infrastructure layer from the product and services layer, ensuring an open and decentralized framework. This setup enables high-quality service delivery and aligns incentives among all network participants.

Key benefits include:

  • Established Network: Utilizing an existing network of BlockEden.xyz's services to streamline model access and service quality.
  • Separation of Concerns: Each stakeholder focuses on their strengths, improving overall ecosystem efficiency.
  • Incentive Alignment: Cryptographic proofs and performance measurements drive competition and transparency.
  • Permissionless Models & Supply: An open marketplace for cost-effective hardware supply.

Decentralized AI Inference Stakeholders​

Model Providers: Coordinators

Coordinators manage the product and services layer, optimizing service quality and providing seamless access for applications. Coordinators discreetly ensure supplier integrity by posing as regular users, offering unbiased performance assessments.

Model Users: Applications

Applications typically use first-party coordinators but can also access the network with a third-party for enhanced privacy and cost savings. Direct access allows for diverse use case experimentation and eliminates intermediary costs.

Model Suppliers: Hardware Operators

Suppliers run inference nodes to earn tokens. Their competencies in DevOps, hardware maintenance, and logging are crucial for network growth. The permissionless approach encourages participation from various hardware providers, including those with idle or dormant resources.

Model Sources: Engineers & Researchers

Researchers and institutions that open-source models can earn revenue based on usage. This model incentivizes innovation without the need for infrastructure maintenance, providing a sustainable business model for open-source contributors.

Working with Cuckoo Network​

BlockEden.xyz collaborates with Cuckoo Network to revolutionize AI inference through a decentralized and permissionless infrastructure. This partnership focuses on leveraging both platforms' strengths to create a seamless and efficient ecosystem for AI model deployment and monetization.

Key Collaboration Areas​

  • Infrastructure Integration: Combining BlockEden.xyz's robust RPC infrastructure with Cuckoo Network's decentralized model-serving capabilities to offer a scalable and resilient AI inference service.
  • Model Distribution: Facilitating the distribution of open-source AI models across the network, enabling researchers to reach a broader audience and monetize their innovations without the need for extensive infrastructure.
  • Quality Assurance: Implementing mechanisms for continuous monitoring and assessment of model performance and supplier integrity, ensuring high-quality service delivery and reliability.
  • Economic Incentives: Aligning economic incentives across all stakeholders through cryptographic proofs and performance-based rewards, fostering a competitive and transparent marketplace.
  • Privacy and Security: Enhancing privacy-preserving operations and secure model inference through advanced technologies like Trusted Execution Environments (TEE) and decentralized data storage solutions.
  • Community and Support: Building a supportive community for AI researchers and developers, providing resources, guidance, and incentives to drive innovation and adoption within the decentralized AI ecosystem.

By partnering with Cuckoo Network, BlockEden.xyz aims to create a holistic and decentralized approach to AI inference, empowering researchers, developers, and users with a robust, transparent, and efficient platform for AI model deployment and utilization. You can now try decentralized text-to-image API at https://blockeden.xyz/api-marketplace/cuckoo-ai.

Input/Output of a Decentralized Inference Network​

LLM Inputs to Cuckoo Network:

  • Open-source models
  • Demand from end-users or Applications
  • Aggregated supply from commodity hardware
  • Quality of service guarantees

LLM Outputs from Cuckoo Network:

  • No downtime
  • Seamless model experimentation
  • Public model evaluation
  • Privacy-preserving operations
  • Censorship-free models

Web3 Ecosystem Integrations​

BlockEden.xyz's RPC protocol can integrate with other Web3 protocols to enhance Decentralized AI (DecAI):

Data & Storage Networks: Seamless integration with decentralized storage solutions like Filecoin/IPFS and Arweave for model storage and data integrity.

Compute Networks: Complementary services leveraging decentralized computing layers like Akash and Render, supporting both dedicated and idle hardware.

Inference Networks: Flexible deployment models and robust ecosystems supporting diverse inference tasks.

Applications: AI agents, consumer apps, and IoT devices benefit from DecAI inference for personalized services, data privacy, and edge decision-making.

Summary​

BlockEden.xyz's established infrastructure and economic design unlock new opportunities for open-source AI. By providing a decentralized and verifiable service, it bridges the gap between open-source AI and Web3, enabling innovative, sustainable, and reliable services. This approach allows for greater model diversity, better market access for SMEs, and a new business model for open-source researchers. Future developments will continue to expand the ecosystem, ensuring BlockEden.xyz remains a robust and adaptable solution in the evolving AI and blockchain landscapes.

· 4 min read
Dora Noda

We are glad to announce that BlockEden.xyz, web3 developers' go-to platform for API marketplace, has added a new, powerful capability – OpenAI API. Yes, you heard it right! Developers, tech enthusiasts, and AI pioneers can now leverage the cutting-edge machine learning models offered by OpenAI, directly through BlockEden's API Marketplace.

Before we dive into the how-to guide, let's understand what OpenAI API brings to the table. OpenAI API is a gateway to AI models developed by OpenAI, such as the industry-renowned GPT-3, the state-of-the-art transformer-based language model known for its remarkable ability to understand and generate human-like text. The API enables developers to use this advanced technology for a variety of applications, including drafting emails, writing code, answering questions, creating written content, tutoring, language translation, and much more.

Now, let's see how you can incorporate the power of OpenAI API into your applications using BlockEden.xyz. You can do it in three ways: using Python, using JavaScript (Node.js), or using curl directly from the command line. In this blog, we're going to provide the basic setup for each method, using a simple "Hello, World!" example.

The API key below is public and subject to change and rate limit. Get your own BLOCKEDEN_API_KEY from https://blockeden.xyz/dash instead.

Python:

Using Python, you can use the OpenAI API as shown in the following snippet:

import openai

BLOCKEDEN_API_KEY = "8UuXzatAZYDBJC6YZTKD"
openai.api_key = ""
openai.api_base = "https://api.blockeden.xyz/openai/" + BLOCKEDEN_API_KEY + "/v1"

response = openai.ChatCompletion.create(
  model="gpt-3.5-turbo-16k",
  messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "hello, world!"}],
  temperature=0,
  max_tokens=2048,
  top_p=1,
  frequency_penalty=0,
  presence_penalty=0
)

print(response["choices"])

JavaScript (Node.js):

You can also utilize the OpenAI API with JavaScript. Here's how you can do it:

const { Configuration, OpenAIApi } = require("openai");

const BLOCKEDEN_API_KEY = "8UuXzatAZYDBJC6YZTKD";
const configuration = new Configuration({
  basePath: "https://api.blockeden.xyz/openai/" + BLOCKEDEN_API_KEY + "/v1"
});
const openai = new OpenAIApi(configuration);

(async () => {
  const response = await openai.createChatCompletion({
    model: "gpt-3.5-turbo-16k",
    messages: [{role: "user", content: "hello, world!"}],
    temperature: 0,
    max_tokens: 2048,
    top_p: 1,
    frequency_penalty: 0,
    presence_penalty: 0,
  });

  console.log(JSON.stringify(response.data.choices, null, 2));
})()

cURL:

Last but not least, you can call the OpenAI API using curl directly from your terminal:

curl https://api.blockeden.xyz/openai/8UuXzatAZYDBJC6YZTKD/v1/chat/completions \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
  "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo-16k",
  "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "hello, world!"}],
  "temperature": 0,
  "max_tokens": 2048,
  "top_p": 1,
  "frequency_penalty": 0,
  "presence_penalty": 0
}'

So, what's next? Dive in, experiment, and discover how you can leverage the power of OpenAI API for your projects, be it for chatbots, content generation, or any other NLP-based application. The possibilities are as vast as your imagination. With BlockEden.xyz's seamless integration with OpenAI, let's redefine the boundaries of what's possible.

For more information on OpenAI's capabilities, models, and usage, visit the official OpenAI documentation.

Happy Coding!

What is BlockEden.xyz​

BlockEden.xyz is an API marketplace powering DApps of all sizes for Sui, Aptos, Solana, and 12 EVM blockchains. Why do our customers choose us?

  1. High availability. We maintain 99.9% uptime since our first API - Aptos main net launch.
  2. Inclusive API offerings and community. Our services have expanded to include Sui, Ethereum, IoTeX, Solana, Polygon, Polygon zkEVM, Filecoin, Harmony, BSC, Arbitrum, Optimism, Gnosis, Arbitrum Nova & EthStorage Galileo. Our community 10x.pub has 4000+ web3 innovators from Silicon Valley, Seattle, and NYC.
  3. Security. With over $45 million worth of tokens staked with us, our clients trust us to provide reliable and secure solutions for their web3 and blockchain needs.

We provide a comprehensive suite of services designed to empower every participant in the blockchain space, focusing on three key areas:

  • For blockchain protocol builders, we ensure robust security and decentralization by operating nodes and making long-term ecosystem contributions.
  • For DApp developers, we build user-friendly APIs to streamline development and unleash the full potential of decentralized applications.
  • For token holders, we offer a reliable staking service to maximize rewards and optimize asset management.