Crypto's Coming of Age: A16Z's 2025 Roadmap

The A16Z State of Crypto 2025 report declares this "the year the world came onchain," marking crypto's transition from adolescent speculation to institutional utility. Released October 21, 2025, the report reveals that the crypto market has crossed **$4 trillion** for the first time, with traditional finance giants like BlackRock, JPMorgan, and Visa now actively offering crypto products. Most critically for builders, the infrastructure is finally ready—transaction throughput has grown **100x in five years** to 3,400 TPS while costs plummeted from$24 to less than one cent on Layer 2s. The convergence of regulatory clarity (the GENIUS Act passed in July 2025), institutional adoption, and infrastructure maturation creates what A16Z calls "the enterprise adoption era."

The report identifies a massive conversion opportunity: 716 million people own crypto but only 40-70 million actively use it onchain. This 90-95% gap between passive holders and active users represents the primary target for web3 builders. Stablecoins have achieved clear product-market fit with **$46 trillion in annual transaction volume**—five times PayPal's throughput—and are projected to grow tenfold to$3 trillion by 2030. Meanwhile, emerging sectors like decentralized physical infrastructure networks (DePIN) are forecasted to reach $3.5 trillion by 2028**, while the AI agent economy could hit **$30 trillion by 2030. For builders, the message is unambiguous: the speculation era is over, and the utility era has begun.

Infrastructure reaches prime time after years of false starts

The technical foundation that frustrated developers for years has fundamentally transformed. Blockchains now process 3,400 transactions per second collectively—on par with Nasdaq's completed trades and Stripe's Black Friday throughput—compared to fewer than 25 TPS five years ago. Transaction costs on Ethereum Layer 2 networks dropped from approximately $24 in 2021 to under a penny today, making consumer applications economically viable for the first time. This isn't incremental progress; it represents the crossing of a critical threshold where infrastructure performance no longer constrains mainstream product development.

The ecosystem dynamics have shifted dramatically as well. Solana experienced 78% growth in builder interest over two years, becoming the fastest-growing ecosystem with native applications generating $3 billion in revenue during the past year. Ethereum combined with its Layer 2s remains the top destination for new developers, though most economic activity has migrated to L2s like Arbitrum, Base, and Optimism. Notably, Hyperliquid and Solana now account for 53% of revenue-generating economic activity—a stark departure from historical Bitcoin and Ethereum dominance. This represents a genuine shift from infrastructure speculation to application-layer value creation.

Privacy and security infrastructure has matured substantially. Google searches for crypto privacy surged in 2025, while Zcash's shielded pool grew to nearly 4 million ZEC and Railgun's transaction flows surpassed $200 million monthly. The Office of Foreign Assets Control lifted sanctions on Tornado Cash, signaling regulatory acceptance of privacy tools. Zero-knowledge proof systems are now integrated across rollups, compliance tools, and even mainstream web services—Google launched a new ZK identity system this year. However, urgency is building around post-quantum cryptography, as roughly **$750 billion in Bitcoin** sits in addresses vulnerable to future quantum attacks, with the U.S. government planning to transition federal systems to post-quantum algorithms by 2035.

Stablecoins emerge as crypto's first undeniable product-market fit

The numbers tell a story of genuine mainstream adoption. Stablecoins processed $46 trillion in total transaction volume** over the past year, up 106$9 trillion in adjusted volume after filtering out bot activity—an 87% increase that represents five times PayPal's throughput. Monthly adjusted volume approached $1.25 trillion in September 2025 alone, a new all-time high. The stablecoin supply reached a record **$300+ billion, with Tether and USDC accounting for 87% of the total. Over 99% of stablecoins are USD-denominated, and more than 1% of all U.S. dollars now exist as tokenized stablecoins on public blockchains.

The macroeconomic implications extend beyond transaction volume. Stablecoins collectively hold **over $150 billion in U.S. Treasuries**, making them the 17th largest holder—up from 20th last year—surpassing many sovereign nations. Tether alone holds roughly$127 billion in Treasury bills. This positioning strengthens dollar dominance globally at a time when many foreign central banks are reducing their Treasury holdings. The infrastructure enables transferring dollars in less than one second for less than one cent, functioning almost anywhere in the world without gatekeepers, minimum balances, or proprietary SDKs.

The use case has fundamentally evolved. In years past, stablecoins primarily settled speculative crypto trades. Now they function as the fastest, cheapest, most global way to send dollars, with activity largely uncorrelated with broader crypto trading volume—indicating genuine non-speculative use. Stripe's acquisition of Bridge (a stablecoin infrastructure platform) just five days after A16Z's previous report declared stablecoins had found product-market fit signaled that major fintech companies recognized this shift. Circle's billion-dollar IPO in 2025, which saw shares increase 300%, marked the arrival of stablecoin issuers as legitimate mainstream financial institutions.

For builders, A16Z partner Sam Broner identifies specific near-term opportunities: small and medium businesses with painful payment costs will adopt first. Restaurants and coffee shops where 30 cents per transaction represents significant margin loss on captive audiences are prime targets. Enterprises can add the 2-3% credit card fee directly to their bottom line by switching to stablecoins. However, this creates new infrastructure needs—builders must develop solutions for fraud protection, identity verification, and other services credit card companies currently provide. The regulatory framework is now in place following the GENIUS Act's passage in July 2025, which established clear stablecoin oversight and reserve requirements.

Converting crypto's 617 million inactive users becomes the central challenge

Perhaps the report's most striking finding is the massive gap between ownership and usage. While 716 million people globally own crypto (up 16% from last year), only 40-70 million actively use crypto onchain—meaning 90-95% are passive holders. Mobile wallet users reached an all-time high of 35 million, up 20% year-over-year, but this still represents only a fraction of owners. Monthly active addresses onchain actually decreased 18% to 181 million, suggesting some cooling despite overall ownership growth.

Geographic patterns reveal distinct opportunities. Mobile wallet usage grew fastest in emerging markets: Argentina saw a 16-fold increase over three years amid its currency crisis, while Colombia, India, and Nigeria showed similarly strong growth driven by currency hedging and remittance use cases. Developed markets like Australia and South Korea lead in token-related web traffic but skew heavily toward trading and speculation rather than utility applications. This bifurcation suggests builders should pursue fundamentally different strategies based on regional needs—payment and value storage solutions for emerging markets versus sophisticated trading infrastructure for developed economies.

The passive-to-active conversion represents a fundamentally easier problem than acquiring entirely new users. As A16Z partner Daren Matsuoka emphasizes, these 617 million people already overcame the initial hurdles of acquiring crypto, understanding wallets, and navigating exchanges. They represent a pre-qualified audience waiting for applications worth their attention. The infrastructure improvements—particularly the cost reductions making microtransactions viable—now enable the consumer experiences that can drive this conversion.

Critically, the user experience remains crypto's Achilles heel despite technical progress. Self-custodying secret keys, connecting wallets, navigating multiple network endpoints, and parsing industry jargon like "NFTs" and "zkRollups" still create massive barriers. As the report acknowledges, "it's still too complicated"—the fundamentals of crypto UX remain largely unchanged since 2016. Distribution channels also constrain growth, as Apple's App Store and Google Play block or limit crypto applications. Emerging alternatives like World App's marketplace and Solana's fee-free dApp Store have shown traction, with World App onboarding hundreds of thousands of users within days of launch, but porting web2's distribution advantages onchain remains difficult outside of Telegram's TON ecosystem.

Institutional adoption transforms competitive dynamics for builders

The list of traditional finance and tech giants now offering crypto products reads like a who's who of global finance: BlackRock, Fidelity, JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, Morgan Stanley, Mastercard, Visa, PayPal, Stripe, Robinhood, Shopify, and Circle. This isn't experimental dabbling—these are core product offerings generating substantial revenue. Robinhood's crypto revenue reached 2.5 times its equities trading business in Q2 2025. Bitcoin ETFs collectively manage $150.2 billion as of September 2025, with BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT) cited as the most traded Bitcoin ETP launch of all time. Exchange-traded products hold over$175 billion in onchain crypto holdings, up 169% from $65 billion a year ago.

Circle's IPO performance captures the shift in sentiment. As one of 2025's top-performing IPOs with a 300% share price increase, it demonstrated that public markets now embrace crypto-native companies building legitimate financial infrastructure. The 64% increase in stablecoin mentions in SEC filings since regulatory clarity arrived shows major corporations are actively integrating this technology into their operations. Digital Asset Treasury companies and ETPs combined now hold approximately 10% of both Bitcoin and Ethereum token supplies—a concentration of institutional ownership that fundamentally changes market dynamics.

This institutional wave creates both opportunities and challenges for crypto-native builders. The total addressable market has expanded by orders of magnitude—the Global 2000 represents vast enterprise software spend, cloud infrastructure spend, and assets under management now accessible to crypto startups. However, builders face a harsh reality: these institutional customers have fundamentally different buying criteria than crypto-native users. A16Z explicitly warns that "'the best products sell themselves' is a long-lived fallacy" when selling to enterprises. What worked with crypto-native customers—breakthrough technology and community alignment—gets you only 30% of the way with institutional buyers focused on ROI, risk mitigation, compliance, and integration with legacy systems.

The report dedicates substantial attention to enterprise sales as a critical competency crypto builders must develop. Enterprises make ROI-driven decisions, not technology-driven ones. They demand structured procurement processes, legal negotiations, solutions architecture for integration, and ongoing customer success support to prevent implementation failures. Career risk considerations matter for internal champions—they need cover to justify blockchain adoption to skeptical executives. Successful builders must translate technical features into measurable business outcomes, master pricing strategies and contract negotiations, and build sales development teams sooner rather than later. As A16Z emphasizes, best GTM strategies are built through iteration over time, making early investment in sales capabilities essential.

Building opportunities concentrate in proven use cases and emerging convergence

The report identifies specific sectors already generating substantial revenue and showing clear product-market fit. Perpetual futures volumes increased nearly eight-fold in the past year, with Hyperliquid alone generating over $1 billion in annualized revenue—rivaling some centralized exchanges. Nearly one-fifth of all spot trading volume now happens on decentralized exchanges, demonstrating that DeFi has moved beyond a niche. Real-world assets reached a **$30 billion market**, growing nearly fourfold in two years as U.S. Treasuries, money-market funds, private credit, and real estate get tokenized. These aren't speculative bets; they're operational businesses generating measurable revenue today.

DePIN represents one of the highest-conviction forward-looking opportunities. The World Economic Forum projects the decentralized physical infrastructure networks category will grow to $3.5 trillion by 2028. Helium's network already serves 1.4 million daily active users across 111,000+ user-operated hotspots providing 5G cellular coverage. The model of using token incentives to bootstrap physical infrastructure networks has proven viable at scale. Wyoming's DUNA legal structure provides DAOs with legitimate incorporation, liability protection, and tax clarity—removing a major obstacle that previously made operating these networks legally precarious. Builders can now pursue opportunities in wireless networks, distributed energy grids, sensor networks, and transportation infrastructure with clear regulatory frameworks.

The AI-crypto convergence creates perhaps the most speculative but potentially transformative opportunities. With 88% of AI-native company revenue controlled by just OpenAI and Anthropic, and 63% of cloud infrastructure controlled by Amazon, Microsoft, and Google, crypto offers a counterbalance to AI's centralizing forces. Gartner estimates the machine customer economy could reach $30 trillion by 2030 as AI agents become autonomous economic participants. Protocol standards like x402 are emerging as financial backbones for autonomous AI agents to make payments, access APIs, and participate in markets. World has verified over 17 million people for proof-of-personhood, establishing a model for differentiating humans from AI-generated content and bots—increasingly critical as AI proliferates.

A16Z's Eddy Lazzarin highlights decentralized autonomous chatbots (DACs) as a frontier: chatbots running in Trusted Execution Environments that build social media followings, generate income from their audiences, manage crypto assets, and operate entirely autonomously. These could become the first truly autonomous billion-dollar entities. More pragmatically, AI agents need wallets to participate in DePIN networks, execute high-value gaming transactions, and operate their own blockchains. The infrastructure for AI-agent wallets, payment rails, and autonomous transaction capabilities represents greenfield territory for builders.

Strategic imperatives separate winners from the also-rans

The report outlines clear strategic shifts required for success in crypto's maturation phase. The most fundamental is what A16Z calls "hiding the wires"—successful products don't explain their underlying technology, they solve problems. Email users don't think about SMTP protocols; they click send. Credit card users don't consider payment rails; they swipe. Spotify delivers playlists, not file formats. The era of expecting users to understand EIPs, wallet providers, and network architectures is over. Builders must abstract away technical complexity, design simply, and communicate clearly. Over-engineering breeds fragility; simplicity scales.

This connects to a paradigm shift from infrastructure-first to user-first design. Previously, crypto startups chose their infrastructure—specific chains, token standards, wallet providers—which then constrained their user experience. With maturing developer tooling and abundant programmable blockspace, the model inverts: define the desired end-user experience first, then select appropriate infrastructure to enable it. Chain abstraction and modular architecture democratize this approach, allowing designers without deep technical knowledge to enter crypto. Critically, startups no longer need to over-index on specific infrastructure decisions before finding product-market fit—they can focus on actually finding product-market fit and iterate on technical choices as they learn.

The "build with, not from scratch" principle represents another strategic shift. Too many teams have been reinventing the wheel—building bespoke validator sets, consensus protocols, programming languages, and execution environments. This wastes massive time and effort while often producing specialized solutions that lack baseline functionality like compiler optimizations, developer tooling, AI programming support, and learning materials that mature platforms provide. A16Z's Joachim Neu expects more teams to leverage off-the-shelf blockchain infrastructure components in 2025—from consensus protocols and existing staked capital to proof systems—focusing instead on differentiating product value where they can add unique contributions.

Regulatory clarity enables a fundamental shift in token economics. The GENIUS Act's passage establishing stablecoin frameworks and the CLARITY Act's progression through Congress create a clear path for tokens to generate revenue via fees and accrue value to tokenholders. This completes what the report calls the "economic loop"—tokens become viable as "new digital primitives" akin to what websites were for previous internet generations. Crypto projects brought in $18 billion last year, with$4 billion flowing to tokenholders. With regulatory frameworks established, builders can design sustainable token economies with real cash flows rather than speculation-dependent models. Structures like Wyoming's DUNA give DAOs legal legitimacy, enabling them to engage in economic activity while managing tax and compliance obligations that previously operated in gray areas.

The enterprise sales imperative nobody wants to hear

Perhaps the report's most uncomfortable message for crypto-native builders is that enterprise sales capability has become non-negotiable. A16Z dedicates an entire companion piece to making this case, emphasizing that the customer base has fundamentally changed from crypto insiders to mainstream enterprises and traditional institutions. These customers don't care about breakthrough technology or community alignment—they care about return on investment, risk mitigation, integration with existing systems, and compliance frameworks. The procurement process involves lengthy negotiations over pricing models, contract duration, termination rights, support SLAs, indemnification, liability limits, and governing law considerations.

Successful crypto companies must build dedicated sales functions: sales development representatives to generate qualified leads from mainstream customers, account executives to interface with prospects and close deals, solutions architects who are deep technical experts for customer integration, and customer success teams for post-sale support. Most enterprise integration projects fail, and when they do, customers blame the product regardless of whether process issues caused the failure. Building these functions "sooner than later" is essential because best sales strategies are built through iteration over time—you can't suddenly develop enterprise sales capability when demand overwhelms you.

The mindset shift is profound. In crypto-native communities, products often found users through organic community growth, crypto Twitter virality, or Farcaster discussions. Enterprise customers don't hang out in these channels. Discovery and distribution require structured outbound strategies, partnerships with established institutions, and traditional marketing. Messaging must translate from crypto jargon into business language that CFOs and CTOs understand. Competitive positioning requires demonstrating specific, measurable advantages rather than relying on technical purity or philosophical alignment. Every step of the sales process requires deliberate strategy, not just charm or product benefits—it's "games of inches," as A16Z describes it.

This represents an existential challenge for many crypto builders who entered the space precisely because they preferred building technology to selling it. The meritocratic ideal that great products naturally find users through viral growth has proven insufficient at the enterprise level. The cognitive and resource demands of enterprise sales compete directly with engineering-focused cultures. However, the alternative is ceding the massive enterprise opportunity to traditional software companies and financial institutions that excel at sales but lack crypto-native expertise. Those who master both technical excellence and sales execution will capture disproportionate value as the world comes onchain.

Geographic and demographic patterns reveal distinct building strategies

Regional dynamics suggest wildly different approaches for builders depending on their target markets. Emerging markets show the strongest growth in actual crypto usage rather than speculation. Argentina's 16-fold increase in mobile wallet users over three years directly correlates with its currency crisis—people use crypto for value storage and payments, not trading. Colombia, India, and Nigeria follow similar patterns, with growth driven by remittances, currency hedging, and accessing dollar-denominated stablecoins when local currencies prove unreliable. These markets demand simple, reliable payment solutions with local fiat on-ramps and off-ramps, mobile-first design, and resilience to intermittent connectivity.

Developed markets like Australia and South Korea exhibit opposite behavior—high token-related web traffic but focus on trading and speculation rather than utility. These users demand sophisticated trading infrastructure, derivatives products, analytics tools, and low-latency execution. They're more likely to engage with complex DeFi protocols and advanced financial products. The infrastructure requirements and user experiences for these markets differ fundamentally from emerging market needs, suggesting specialization rather than one-size-fits-all approaches.

The report notes that 70% of crypto developers were offshore due to previous regulatory uncertainty in the United States, but this is reversing with improved clarity. The GENIUS Act and CLARITY Act signal that building in the U.S. is viable again, though most developers remain distributed globally. For builders targeting Asian markets specifically, the report emphasizes that success requires physical local presence, alignment with local ecosystems, and partnerships for legitimacy—remote-first approaches that work in Western markets often fail in Asia where relationships and on-the-ground presence matter more than the underlying technology.

Navigating the memecoin phenomenon and speculation critique

The report directly addresses the elephant in the room: 13 million memecoins launched in the past year. However, launches have cooled substantially—56% fewer in September compared to January—as regulatory improvements reduce the appeal of pure speculation plays. Notably, 94% of memecoin owners also own other crypto, suggesting memecoins function more as an onramp or gateway than a destination. Many users enter crypto through memecoins drawn by social dynamics and potential returns, then gradually explore other applications and use cases.

This data point matters because critics of crypto often point to memecoin proliferation as evidence the entire industry remains a speculative casino. Stephen Diehl, a prominent crypto skeptic, published "The Case Against Crypto in 2025" arguing that crypto is "intellectual three-card monte designed to exhaust and confuse critics" that "morphs into whatever its marks most desperately want to see." He highlights use in sanctions evasion, narcotics trade money laundering, and the fact that "the only consistent thread is the promise of getting rich through speculation rather than productive work."

The A16Z report implicitly rebuts this by emphasizing the shift from speculation to utility. Stablecoin transaction volume being largely uncorrelated with broader crypto trading volumes demonstrates genuine non-speculative use. The enterprise adoption wave by JPMorgan, BlackRock, and Visa suggests legitimate institutions have found real applications beyond speculation. The $3 billion in revenue generated by Solana native applications and Hyperliquid's$1 billion in annualized revenue represent actual value creation, not just speculative trading. The convergence toward proven use cases—payments, remittances, tokenized real-world assets, decentralized infrastructure—indicates market maturation even as speculative elements persist.

For builders, the strategic implication is clear: focus on use cases with genuine utility that solve real problems rather than speculative instruments. The regulatory environment is improving for legitimate applications while becoming more hostile to pure speculation. Enterprise customers demand compliance and legitimate business models. The passive-to-active user conversion depends on applications worth using beyond price speculation. Memecoins may serve as marketing or community-building tools, but sustainable businesses will be built on infrastructure, payments, DeFi, DePIN, and AI integration.

What mainstream really means and why 2025 is different

The report's declaration that crypto has "left its adolescence and entered adulthood" isn't mere rhetoric—it reflects concrete shifts across multiple dimensions. Three years ago when A16Z started this report series, blockchains were "much slower, more expensive, and less reliable." Transaction costs that made consumer applications economically nonviable, throughput that limited scale to niche use cases, and reliability issues that prevented enterprise adoption have all been addressed through Layer 2s, improved consensus mechanisms, and infrastructure optimization. The 100x throughput improvement represents crossing from "interesting technology" to "production-ready infrastructure."

The regulatory transformation particularly stands out. The United States reversed its "formerly antagonistic stance toward crypto" through bipartisan legislation. The GENIUS Act providing stablecoin clarity and the CLARITY Act establishing market structure passed with support from both parties—a remarkable achievement for a previously polarizing issue. Executive Order 14178 reversed earlier anti-crypto directives and created a cross-agency task force. This isn't just permission; it's active support for the industry's development balanced with investor protection concerns. Other jurisdictions are following suit—the UK is exploring issuing government bonds onchain through the FCA sandbox, signaling that sovereign debt tokenization may become normalized.

The institutional participation represents genuine mainstreaming rather than exploratory pilots. When BlackRock's Bitcoin ETP becomes the most traded launch of all time, when Circle IPOs with a 300% pop, when Stripe acquires stablecoin infrastructure for over a billion dollars, when Robinhood generates 2.5x more revenue from crypto than equities—these aren't experiments. These are strategic bets by sophisticated institutions with massive resources and regulatory scrutiny. Their participation validates crypto's legitimacy and brings distribution advantages that crypto-native companies cannot match. If development continues along current trajectories, crypto becomes deeply integrated into everyday financial services rather than remaining a separate category.

The shift in use cases from speculation to utility represents perhaps the most important transformation. In years past, stablecoins primarily settled crypto trades between exchanges. Now they're the fastest, cheapest way to send dollars globally, with transaction patterns uncorrelated with crypto price movements. Real-world assets aren't a future promise; $30 billion in tokenized Treasuries, credit, and real estate operate today. DePIN isn't vaporware; Helium serves 1.4 million daily users. Perpetual futures DEXs don't just exist; they generate over$1 billion in annual revenue. The economic loop is closing—networks generate real value, fees accrue to tokenholders, and sustainable business models emerge beyond speculation and venture capital subsidy.

The path forward requires uncomfortable evolution

The synthesis of A16Z's analysis points to an uncomfortable truth for many crypto-native builders: succeeding in crypto's mainstream era requires becoming less crypto-native in approach. The technical purity that built the infrastructure must give way to user experience pragmatism. The community-driven go-to-market that worked in crypto's early days must be supplemented—or replaced—by enterprise sales capabilities. The ideological alignment that motivated early adopters won't matter to enterprises evaluating ROI. The transparent, on-chain operations that defined crypto's ethos must sometimes be hidden behind simple interfaces that never mention blockchains.

This doesn't mean abandoning crypto's core value propositions—permissionless innovation, composability, global accessibility, and user ownership remain differentiating advantages. Rather, it means recognizing that mainstream adoption requires meeting users and enterprises where they are, not expecting them to climb the learning curve crypto natives already conquered. The 617 million passive holders and billions of potential new users won't learn to use complex wallets, understand gas optimization, or care about consensus mechanisms. They'll use crypto when it solves their problems better than alternatives while being equally or more convenient.

The opportunity is immense but time-limited. Infrastructure readiness, regulatory clarity, and institutional interest have aligned in a rare confluence. However, traditional financial institutions and tech giants now have clear paths to integrate crypto into their existing products. If crypto-native builders don't capture the mainstream opportunity through superior execution, well-resourced incumbents with established distribution will. The next phase of crypto's evolution won't be won by the most innovative technology or the purest decentralization—it will be won by the teams that combine technical excellence with enterprise sales execution, abstract complexity behind delightful user experiences, and focus relentlessly on use cases with genuine product-market fit.

The data supports cautious optimism. Market capitalization at $4 trillion, stablecoin volumes rivaling global payment networks, institutional adoption accelerating, and regulatory frameworks emerging suggest the foundation is solid. DePIN's projected growth to$3.5 trillion by 2028, the AI agent economy potentially reaching $30 trillion by 2030, and stablecoins scaling to$3 trillion all represent genuine opportunities if builders execute effectively. The shift from 40-70 million active users toward the 716 million who already own crypto—and eventually billions beyond—is achievable with the right products, distribution strategies, and user experiences. Whether crypto-native builders rise to meet this moment or cede the opportunity to traditional tech and finance will define the industry's next decade.

Conclusion: The infrastructure era ends, the application era begins

A16Z's State of Crypto 2025 report marks an inflection point—the problems that constrained crypto for years have been substantially solved, revealing that infrastructure was never the primary barrier to mainstream adoption. With 100x throughput improvements, sub-penny transaction costs, regulatory clarity, and institutional support, the excuse that "we're still building the rails" no longer applies. The challenge has shifted entirely to the application layer: converting passive holders to active users, abstracting complexity behind intuitive experiences, mastering enterprise sales, and focusing on use cases with genuine utility rather than speculative appeal.

The most actionable insight is perhaps the most prosaic: crypto builders must become great product companies first and crypto companies second. The technical foundation exists. The regulatory frameworks are emerging. The institutions are entering. What's missing are applications that mainstream users and enterprises want to use not because they believe in decentralization but because they work better than alternatives. Stablecoins achieved this by being faster, cheaper, and more accessible than traditional dollar transfers. The next wave of successful crypto products will follow the same pattern—solving real problems with measurably superior solutions that happen to use blockchains rather than leading with blockchain technology seeking problems.

The 2025 report ultimately poses a challenge to the entire crypto ecosystem: the adolescent phase where experimentation, speculation, and infrastructure development dominated is over. Crypto has the tools, the attention, and the opportunity to remake global financial systems, upgrade payment infrastructure, enable autonomous AI economies, and create genuine user ownership of digital platforms. Whether the industry graduates to genuine mainstream utility or remains a niche speculative asset class depends on execution over the next few years. For builders entering or operating in web3, the message is clear—the infrastructure is ready, the market is open, and the time to build products that matter is now.